The Human Immune Response Against Gingivitis Essay

What is Gingivitis? Gingivitis is a mild reversible periodontal disease that results in inflammation of the gum tissue. If not treated it can lead to irreversible damage of the associated ligaments and bone that support the teeth, leading to a more serious condition known as periodontitis (Arndt and Nagelberg, 2010). In most cases of gingivitis, bacteria normally found in the mouth ingest and convert carbohydrates into acid. The combination of bacteria, acid, food, and saliva form what is known as plaque (Wood, 2006). If plaque is not removed, it hardens and becomes calculus, which is usually found built up around the base of the tooth. The bacteria found in plaque also contribute to the inflammatory response by releasing toxins that†¦show more content†¦Patients who are taking certain medications may also see a similar inflammatory response. Lastly, malnutrition can also be a cause for gingivitis. Those deficient with vitamins A, B-complex, and C are all at risk for inflamm ation from accumulation of biofilm (Nield-Gehrig and Willmann, 2011). Non-Plaque Induced Gingivitis The minority of gingivitis cases is of the non-plaque induced form, which cannot simply be cured by the removal of dental plaque. Some forms of gingivitis are the result of an infection that is of bacterial origin. The causative agents include Neisseria gonorrhea, Treponema pallidum, and streptococcal species (Nield-Gehrig and Willmann, 2011). Non-plaque induced gingivitis may also be induced by viral infections, specifically the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). This disease may cause ulcers on the lips, tongue, palate, and buccal mucosa, as well as, widespread inflammation of the gingiva. Lastly, non-plaque gingivitis also may be induced by a variety of conditions. One of which is Linear Gingival Erythema, a condition that is manifested from immunosuppression, typically associated with HIV infection. 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