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Sunday, March 31, 2019

National competitive advantage of technology

National combative advantage of technologyIs technology the instauration of long-term subject field competitive advantage? Comp ar the differences in the understructure bodys of leading economies, industries and firms?Kay (1993) describes mental institution as a distinctive capability that domiciliate help provide the foundation for competitive advantage. Technology has been shaping the gentleman since the start of the humanity era. Even in the teleph cardinal line world it has assortmentd the vogue affaires works, it has changed the manner we perceive and even the way we manage business. There argon three major forms of innovating RD, imported technology and technological deportations. So, to argue we leave use porter and chandlers theories with comparing the three different tires of the Nation level, the effort level and the Firm level to understand whether technology on itself or with detailors leads to a National competitive advantage. And we will focus over t he major five economies, which are regular army, UK, Germany, Japan and chinaware.Technological teaching and innovation is a preferably vital for long-term national competitiveness and mastery. Porter (1998) be the national competitive advantage as the capacity of nation to draw and quarter local and foreign firms to use a computer program for conducting business and attaining economical success. Therefore, with better technology will bring in more options for business and will be more attractive. Porter stresses the importance of technological change as The determinants of national innovative capacity, 2002, by referring this as one of the principal drivers of competition, which is at the heart of economic growth and discipline. The major reasons which supports the crease of it creation vital to competitive advantage is because of the way it leads to differentiation or lower costs from the competitors in product and service designs. Firms must pass and ex carry the bas is of their competitive advantage by innovation by dint of technology development and update (Fitzgerald, 1994). Innovation through technological development can also lead to national comparative advantage. Even though technology is one of the base determinants of national competitiveness, they are other factors. Moreover, distinguishing the excogitation from Innovation is must and has been done by Schumpeter, in which the invention is solely a scientific breakthrough and not necessarily a business one cause of the commercial viability, being unknown. However, the job of the research and development is more to bring in the commercial viability, which may turn bulge to be a competitive advantage.The phrase deemed technological change has alter the society and change magnitude the national wealth through success of dissimilar political sciences, since the 19th century. One of the major contributors in the development of economies and technology are the large industrial enterp rises, which earlier with their super-normal profits and evolving competition, embodied innovation in their processes and products. So the major factors that led to these technological enterprises were lower costs, better human resources inclusive of management, smooth flow of material and information with well-built distributing ne iirks and a primary driver of technological advances, (Chandler, 1995)Metcalfe, (1995) defines National innovation systems as set of distinct institutions which jointly and individually contribute to the development and diffusion of in the raw technologies and which provides the exemplar within which governments form and implement policies to influence the innovation process. As such(prenominal) it is a system of interconnected institutions to create, store and transfer the acquaintance, skills and arti facts which define new technologies.As stated above, the major five economies stomach been analysed at the macro instruction level amongst their Nat ional Innovation Systems. The resources for Japanese innovation are generally through private firms, public research institutions and educational institutions for the the States are almostly non-US firms and educational institutions (Buiges, 2009). While the UK, Germany and China share similar resources, which is primarily the government. So, to start we analyse the RD expenditure to the economic output of the countries. The the States has a stable expenditure share between 2.5 to 3% since 1996 (Dicken, 2003). While, Japan on the contrary has the highest share of expenditure for RD which has been more than 3% of the countrys output since 2007 and the lot is increasing (Abe and Fitzgerald, 1995). U.K. and Germany prepare been steady with their RD expenditure ranging from 1.5 to 2% since 1996. The Chinese increased their input by 1% from 1996 to 2006. The second major consideration is the kitty of scientists and engineers in which Japan overtakes the USA. Even though USA has a po werful infrastructure of education and research. One of the major origins of innovation in the USA is non-US firms, mostly related to Japan. Hence, Wright (1992) stated following World War 2, USA was the worlds most productive economy by virtually any sum of money however, this is no longer.Students in Germany are not trained in school, mend Chinese students are now trained occupationally in school to aim in the gap of the lacking of skilled and experienced work draw in in china mentioned by Buiges (2009). Hence we can see that to go on innovation, the other endowments like in financial, information, educational systems are required with government supporting policies and sometimes diligence collectivity.The first fabrication we opt for in the pharmaceutical industry, as it has high relevance to innovation and RD, to contrast the national systems at an industry level. The first mover explained by (Chandler 1992), as a crucial role was done by Germany in the pharmaceutical i ndustry for a stronger position. This national innovation system helps in explaining why German companies like Bayer and Salvesan are able to be at the f number hand. These companies R D investment started as early as in 1870s, which help them innovating aspirin and anti-syphilis drug. Sustaining the competitive advantage over first is not possible until it is cyclical (repetitive), by and by world war one, Germans lost to the Americans and the British. This happened after the US and UK were forced producing substitutes to those drugs from Germany, to which they lost allow for, hence started focusing on maturation the interior(prenominal) industry (Owen 1999). The companies were like Burroughs welcome and May Baker in the UK and Eli Lilly in the US.Loosing out in the first mover, the dependencies of the UK had increased but to prognosticate the affect and to create a national advantage, the National Health usefulness (NHS) was established in 1984. The NHS is referred as the u ltimate paymaster for the bulk of the industry sales. (Owen 1999371). some other exposure that the British make watered for responding to the Germans was the presence of major multinationals which brought in mass capital letter from countries like US, Switzerland and France which acted as a stimulus rather than being a threat. Finally, government intervention as a supporter gave a platform to companies like SmithKline and Pfizer. As a result the British with its strong innovation index and its regulatory options attracted Research and development. To support this argument Nelson (1993279), states, hawkish success in pharmaceuticals depends on a national environment which encourages firms to invest in costly research and development programs. The Economist shows after the Nelson argument, expenditure on RD in the UK increased by a staggering 6% since 1995, (The Economist, meet 2005).The major difference in NIS of US and the UK has been the government support, which was majorly lacking in the USA and enforced the pharmaceutical industry to heavily rely on the Market networks, to support stands Glaxo and La Roche as examples. Even the statistics show the prominent rise of expenditure on marketing to 33% in comparing to the 19% investment on RD by Novartis. (The Economist, March 2005). Americas large domestic market has always been the excuse for super normal profits and then(prenominal) innovation and further by competitive advantage but in that respect is a reason for the European counter move to outsmart them even with lesser monetary resource and resources was cause of the government support and culture. Even Owen supports the argument of having a domestic market is not the utmost reason for being more competitive. repayable to lack of resources and government regulations about the usage of resources the Japanese were far slowly in developing a NIS in the pharmaceutical industry and tend to follow the path of mergers and acquisitions to be competit ive. A relevant instance was the coup of La Roche over Chugai, a major innovator in Japans pharmaceutical industry.The second industry we opted for analysis is the semi-conductor industry. To start with USA the most competitive in this industry, where clusters gestate been the get word to its NIS. Porter defines clusters, as a system of inter-related firms that are connected vertically and horizontally, with a value greater than its parts sum of its parts. The two major constituents of the American NIS are Route 128 and the atomic number 14 Valley, which is the present core, (Dicken, 2004). The clusters have led to easier and much faster knowledge sharing which leads to an advantage. The use of clusters has also led to development of American FDI into Malaysia as another cluster for less expensive labour.The semi-conductor business being passing technical, educational system especially universities have been vital. The USA and Germany have provided with a better university netwo rk with close relationships between the firms and universities, facilitating with a stream of scientists and engineers with the skills to innovate, (Nelson 1993). The University of Stanford pickle around the Silicon Valley stands for a reason. This competitive NIS was firstly render and supported by the government.A similar form of cluster evolved in Japan wit the five major semi-conductor producers, which are NEC, Fujitsu, Hitachi, Toshiba and Mitsubishi. The group was called MITI coaction for research. The group was 40 % funded by the Japanese government leading the Japanese government to be a virtual part, (Dicken, 2004). As mentioned above the Americans protect the semi conductor industry, was because of Japans government support and restrictions on American semi-conductors with the supply of cheaper semi-conductors known as Dump Chips in the US. The Chinese followed the Japanese in making a hold in the international semi-conductor market, even though with their open door po licy, they had generated FDI before like merging with Taiwanese company ACER Ltd.The major difference in innovation systems of the two late industrializing nations i.e. China and Japan and the rest three is that instead of being pioneers in the semi-conductor industry they choose innovation through imitation. In most cases the learned technology was diffused and made it into an easier adaptable version, following innovating the technology. The only when price for them to pay was the license fee. Well, now the Asian countries have started to invest more in research and development for creating their own innovations. Japan is quite successful in implementing it and has been considered as the powerhouse in RD like the US. China is on the path and is using a techno hybrid technology, with FDI, technology transfer in it, they are evolving as a key player in the semi-conductor industry. (Fitzgerald Cirvagena, 2009)To conclude, Technology is important for a countrys national competitive advantage, but as this discussion has shown, technology is not the only factor that can excite a leading position in a particular industry and for the economy. As Dicken (2004) highlights In an intensely competitive environment, the introduction of a unceasing stream of new products is essential to a firms profitability and indeed extract, which referred earlier a repetitive or cyclical innovation is must. Furthermore, by analyzing the NIS of the todays five leading economies, we have seen that the role of the state, clusters, and corporate governance, education systems, culture, have been vital components.This discussion possibly asks us to consider which is the best NIS to gain a national competitive advantage. In reflection of the two industries that have been looked at, a blend of different factors can be identified and have been justified. The challenging nature of the US pharmaceutical industry could be alter by following the UK NIS, which recently the Obama Administratio n in the USA had approved. The fact that the UK semiconductor industry is such a small player in this market could be due to a lack of RD investment, which its US counterparts achieved through clustering. It is clear that one single approach in NIS is not the key to a countrys national competitive advantage or industry.ReferencesBuiges, P Sekkat, K (2009). Industrial Policy in Europe, Japan and the USA. UK Macmillan Publishers. p.180-220.Chandler, A, Managerial Enterprise and Competitive Capabilities in Jones, G and Harvey, C. (1992) Organisational Capability and Competitive Advantage. capital of the United Kingdom point-blank Cass.Chandler, A.D (1995). schema and structure chapters in the history of the industrial enterprise. USA MIT. p.1-20.Dicken, P. (2004) Global electrical switch Reshaping the Global Economic Map in the 21st Century capital of the United Kingdom SageDicken, P. (2003) Global Shift Transforming the World Economy.E, Abe and R, Fitzgerald (1995) Japanese Econom ic achievement timing, culture and organizational capabilityFitzgerald, R Ciravgena, L. (2009) Technological Innovation, MN 330 speech communication 10Fitzgerald, R (1994). The Competitive Advantages of Far Eastern Business. Great Britain Frank Cass Ltd. p. 1-16.Kay, J (1993). Innovation, technology and competitive strategy . USA Economic and social Research Council. 1-16.Metcalfe, S. (1995), The Economic Foundations of Technology PolicyEquilibrium and Evolutionary Perspectives, in P. Stoneman (ed.),Handbook of the Economics of Innovation and Technological Change,Blackwell Publishers, Oxford (UK)/Cambridge (US)Nelson, R.R (1993) National Innovation Systems A Comparative Context, Oxford Oxford University PressNelson, R.R. Wright, G. (1992) The rise and fall of American technological lead the post-war era in historical perspective, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 30.Owen, G. 1999. From empire to Europe. London Harper CollinsPorter, M. (1998). The competitive advantage of na tions with a new introduction. USA Harvard Business Review. p.73-90Porter, M. (2002). The determinants of national innovative capacity. Research Policy. 31 (6), p.899-933.Finefacts Team (2005) RD bill of fare Global top 1,000 Companies US firms dominate, 86% of total RD comes from just 6 countries out of 36, Oct 24, 2005The Economist (2005) Prescriptions for change, A Survey of Pharmaceuticals, June 18th, 2005

The Main Functions Of The Nervous System

The Main Functions Of The Nervous Sy bowThe nervous brass is the restrict and communication arranging of the personify. It sends and nabs messages. The nervous ashes controls all our body movements. It is made up of two separate, the aboriginal nervous brass (CNS), and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The central nervous system consists of the instinct and the spinal anesthesia anaesthesia anesthesia stack, and the peripheral nervous system is made up of the plaques and neurons.The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal stack.Diagram showing the antithetical structures of the brain.The brain it is a large haywire mass of plaque tissue that is contained within a vault of b hotshot called the cranium. It is made up of the neurons nerve cells, and other supporting cells. The brain is composed of white-haired(a) and white issuing. The canescent matter is the nervous tissues that formed the H-Shaped structure, and it is surrounded by white matt er. The world brains has more than 10 one thousand zillion nerve cells and oer 50 billion other cells, an average weighs 3 1/8 pounds. The brain monitors and regulates our corporate functions and co-ordinates almost all our voluntary movement. The brain is our ara of thought, creativity and consciousness.The spinal cord it is an ovoid of column of nervous tissue that average 44 cm in length when flattened. It expands from the medulla oblongata in the brain stem to the second lumbar vertebra in the spinal canal. The spinal cord is the meaning of reflex(prenominal)ive action. in that respect is a reflex venting that goes from the peripheral nerve to the spinal cord, up to the brain and back toss off to relay (spread) the action. The spinal cord is contained in a vertebral vault, and it passes down finished a hole in each vertebrate. It is surrounded by other tissues, pia mater, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), arachnoid mater and dura mater. These triplet maters ar called menin ges, and they surround the brain. The forward of the H is made up of motor cells from the fibers that wangle up the motor portion of the peripheral poise. The sensorial neurons enter the caudal of the H.The peripheral nervous system this is the nerves on the periphery of the body. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is under the control of central nervous system (CNS) and similarly fraction of the peripheral nervous system, these nerves stay inner(a) the body and effect organs and soft tissues. The autonomic nervous system is automatic, and in control of voluntary bodily functions. It is separated into two parts the merciful and parasympathetic nervous system nervous system. It regulates the function of the glands, the adrenal medulla, smooth muscle-builder tissue, organs and the message.1.2 Explain the functions of each part of the nervous system.The nervous system is made up large numbers of units known as neurons. They send, receive and process the nerve impulses insi de and outside the body. Sensory neurons convert visible stimuli, e.g. smell, light, or sound, into action possibilities, which be then transmitted to the spinal cord or brain. Afferent neurons bring information into the central nervous system. We in any case have the motor neurons which transmit nerve impulses (sudden urge) a focal point from the brain and spinal cord to muscles or glands, and are known as efferent neurons. disposition the intellectual cerebral mantle is railroad tieed to three chief(prenominal) varieties of activity kind activities this involved in memory, intelligence, sense of responsibility, thinking, reasoning, moral sense and learning. These are certain to the higher nubbles.Sensory perception this includes the perception of pain, temperature, touch, sight, hearing, taste and smell.Initiation and control to initiate and control voluntary muscle potent contraction.The nerve cells initiate the contraction of voluntary muscles. marrow fibres from Betz s cell move past descending with the inner capsule to the medulla oblongata, and crosses to the opposite side and descends in the spinal cord. The motor region of the right hemisphere of the cerebrum controls voluntary movement of the go away side of the body. There is a group of nerve cells called the motor barbarism (brocas) it controls the movement essential for speech. The postcentral (sensory) is the airfield that perceived sensations of pain, temperature, pressure and touch, companionship of muscular movement and position of joints. The parietal is believed to be connected with obtaining and retaining accurate knowledge of objects. We perceive spoken word from the sensory speech, and the auditory (hearing) receive and empathise transmitted impulses from the inside ear by the auditory nerves. The olfactory (smell) receives impulses from the honker via olfactory nerves and interpret it. Taste is the area where impulses from special nerves endings in taste bud and tongue, and in the lining of the cheeks, palate and pharynx are perceived as taste. The visual is the area which receives and interprets impulses as impressions. There are groups of cells called known as nuclei, they act as relay stations. It passes one neurone to the other in chain. Some important masses of grey matter areBasal nuclei it is thought to influence purposeless muscle greenbackThalamus this is where sensory input from skin, viscera and special sense organs are transmitted to before redistribution to cerebrumHypothalamus it controls the output of hormones from both lobes of the gland, and it also control the autonomic nervous system, such as thirst, body temperature, hunger, heart and blood vessels antitank reactions.Spinal cord it is the centre of reflexive action. The reflex arc is the parcel of land of nerves through spinal cord. The first step of reflex arc is excitant of a receptor nerve. They sense heat, coolness, pressure or over-stretching of the muscle. The senso ry neuron transmits impulse to spinal cord. The sensory nerves link now with a motor or glandular nerve, or go through in-between nerve and then to the motor of the glandular nerve, depending on the reflex being stimulated. The nerve sends bodes to the muscles or glands to react. Visceral reflexes control heart muscle, glands and organs, and the physical reflexes control involuntary movement of the skeletal muscles. The spinal cord does the followings livelihood the body and the skull, helps us to stand upright and bear body balance. tractile movement it allows and helps the brain and neck move, and permit the body to stretch, lean, rotate and lean.It helps nourish internal organs, such as heart and lungs.It provides base for tie upment of muscles, ligaments and tendons (tough destiny connecting muscle to oculus sinister).It has bone marrow inside the bones of the spinal cord that produces red blood cells and also stores minerals.It connects the stop number body to the low er body.Its intervertebral discs acts like a shock absorber.Peripheral nervous system it is the autonomic nervous system which is part of the peripheral nervous system, that control the internal organs it consists of the motor neurons. It has two systems, the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic system. The autonomic nervous system controls muscles in the heart, the smooth muscle of the intestine, bladder, and uterus. The sympathetic nervous system is involved in the fight or data track away response. The parasympathetic is involved in relaxation. Each of the two functions in the reverse of the other (resentment). The two systems act in opposition to maintain homeostasis (state of equilibrium). The sympathetic nervous system promotes the following activitiesIt allows blood flow to skeletal muscles and the lungs.It diverts blood flow away from the gastro-intestinal tract and skin.It dilates bronchioles of the lung.Increases heart rate and the faculty of cardiac cell (myocytes) to contract.Dilate pupils (opening in eye) and relaxes the ciliary (surrounding lens of eye) muscle to the lens.It narrows all intestinal sphincters and urinary sphincter.It inhibits (adversely affect action of an organ) peristalsis.Responsible for the remark of orgasm.The parasympathetic nervous system promotesThe expansion of blood vessels leading to the gastro-intestinal tract, change magnitude blood flow.The stringency of bronchiolar diameter when the need for oxygen has diminished.The constriction of the pupil (opening in the eye) and contraction of the ciliary (surrounding lens of eye) muscle to the lens.The stimulant of salivary gland secretion, and speed up peristalsis (muscle contraction).The erection of genitals.The stimulation of sexual arousal.The control of the myocardium (heart muscle).3.2 Explain the transmittal of an impulse across a synapse.A synapse is the junction where communication between neurons and neurons between muscles takes place. Synaptic transmission starts when nerve impulse arrives at the pre-synaptic axon terminal. The depolarisation (less polarity) of the pre-synaptic membrane starts serial publication of events leading to vector departure, and the activation of receptors that is on the post-synaptic membrane. Synaptic vesicle lives in different pool usurped to the cytoskeleton in a reverse pool, or free in the cytoplasm. A number of the free vesicles make their way to the plasma membrane for docking, and sequence of primary reactions prepares the vesicular and plasma membranes for fusion. The membranes of the synaptic vesicles are drawn together passing through protein complexes that are provide on the vesicle and pre-synaptic membranes. A depolarised axon terminal open potential difference calcium channel and calcium ions run into the axon terminal and few of the calcium ions attach to a protein on the synaptic vesicle membrane known as synaptotagmin. The vesicles are drawn closer to the pre-synaptic m embrane, when calcium attach to synaptotagmin on the synaptic vesicles adjacent to the active region. Transmitter cargo is release into the synaptic c leave when the vesicles combine with the axon membrane. Some transmitter molecules attach to receptor molecules in the post-synaptic membrane. Post-synaptic cell response depends on neurotransmitter and receptor combination. afterwards attaching acetylcholine, the channel opens and sodium ions enter the post-synaptic cell, and generate an exciting post-synaptic response. The transmitters are take away or inactivated quickly from the synaptic cleft. Acetylcholine, an enzyme in the synaptic cleft, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), breaks down Ach into choline and acetate. The transmitter released from the receptor causes the channel to close. Some transmitters are non broken down by enzymes and many transmitters rapidly clear from the synaptic cleft and taken into the pre-synaptic terminal by special proteins known as transporters. This process is called reuptake, it not only cut off synaptic activity quickly, but also allow the terminal to recycle transmitter molecules. Membrane needed for the populace of synaptic vesicles, is also recycled passing through endocytosis of the pre-synaptic membrane. The recycled vesciles which are now fill up with neurotransmitter molecules are ready for another circle of synaptic transmission.4.1 Describe the main parts of the brain and explain their functions.The brain it is a large soft mass of nerve tissue that is contained within a vault of bone called the cranium. It is made up of the neurons nerve cells, supporting cells. The brain is composed of grey and white matter. The grey matter is the nervous tissues that formed the H-Shaped structure, and it is surrounded by white matter. The human brains has more than 10 billion nerve cells and over 50 billion other cells, an average weighs 3 1/8 pounds. The brain monitors and regulates our bodily functions and co-ordinates almost all our voluntary movement. The brain is our area of thought, creativity and consciousness.Functions of the brain the functions of the three main parts of the brain are the followingsThe cerebrum this is the largest portion of the brain, it occupies close to 2/3 fractions of the human brain. The cerebral hemisphere is separated into two by a longitudinal fissure. The two hemispheres are joined by a fibre called corpus callosum that consists of long bundles of closely packed nerve fibres of about 10cm long. The corpus callosum has about 200 million of nerve fibres.The cerebral hemisphere is separate into four lobes by three deep grooves called fissures. From the front part of the brain to the back is known as the head-on lobe, the lay lobe, Parietal lobe and Occipital. The right part of the brain controls the left part of the body while the left part of the brain controls the right.Frontal lobe- It is involved in inner monitoring of complex thoughts, actions and creative ideas. The anterior (front) portion of the frontal lobe is called the prefrontal cortex. The posterior (back) of the frontal lobe consists of the motor and premotor areas. Nerve cells that produce movement are located in the motor areas.Temporal lobe- it helps in the decoding and interpretation of sounds. It is the centre for memory and emotions. It also helps in language comprehension.Occipital lobe it decodes and interprets the visual information, such as shapes and colours.Parietal lobe- it is the main area for feelings, touch, hot, cold and pain. It takes different bits of information from the surroundings, organises it and communicates it to other part of the brain.The cerebral cortex this is the outside surface of the cerebrum with a layer of 2-4mm thick. It has a grey-haired brown look, and it is referred to as the gray matter. The surface of cerebral cortex is divided into large number of folds, which increases the surface area of the brain.The Diencephalon it is made up of mai nly subcortical nuclei, thalamus and hypothalamus. .Thalamus it lays crossway to the cerebrum. The thalamus plays an important part in the link between the sense organs and cerebral cortex. It receives bulk of incoming signal from the sense organs. It also determines the source of signals, evaluates their importance integrates them and passes them to the cerebrum.Hypothalamus it lies in the base of thalamus, weighs about 4 gm with a small vascularised structure. It is only about 1/300 of the total brain mass. It incorporates and manages visceral activities. It maintains homeostasis and the bodys internal equilibrium. The hypothalamus corrects the rate of heart beat and airing whenever they go wrong. It is known as the control centre for fight and flight (Control Mind, 2010).The mid brain this component forms the middle part of the brain. It controls the activity of voluntary muscles. It is made up of four small lobes called the corpora quadrigemina. The upper part is colliculi wh ich receives sensory informations from eyes and muscles of the head it controls all the visual reflexes and coordinates the movements of the head and eyes. The lower part control part of colliculi and receives sensory impulses from the ears and muscles of the head. (Control Mind, 2010).The hind brain It is made up of the followingsCerebellum it is the second largest part of the brain and it consists of two cerebral hemispheres. They are located at the cerebral hemisphere and the brain stem. The cerebellum assists in the maintenance posture and balance of the body. It plays an important role in irresponsible the fast muscular activities of the brain, e.g., running and talking.Medulla Oblongata this is the posterior part of the brain which links the other parts of the brain to the spinal cord. The medulla controls the subconscious mind activities, e.g., digestion and breathing.Brain stem it is part of the brain that controls basic functions that are infallible for maintaining blood pressure, eye movements, heartbeat, swallowing and breathing.Pons Varoli it is the base of the brain stem. It connects the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum. It relays the information between cerebrum and cerebellum. It is the part of the brain that controls arousal and control respiration (Quizlet, 2010).

Saturday, March 30, 2019

Organisational Culture Analysis of BP

Organisational last Analysis of BPTitle What is the role of Organisational Culture in British Petroleum at Lancashire County?ContentsLiterature round off look for Aims, Objectives and LimitationsResearch MethodologyResearch Methods AnalysisResultsRecommendations and ConclusionsIntroduction constitutional finish is the set of shargond values, beliefs, and norms that regularize the way employees think, feel, and be set closely in the hunt downplace (Schein, 2011). The purpose of this dissertation is to explicate the impact of musical arrangemental flori horticulture in British Petroleum towards achieving the business objectives and capabilities of employees roles and subsequent role behaviours. I propose that four types of cultures (clan, entrepreneurial, market and hierarchy) exert contrasting and at times competing pressures, thus, creating limpid role schemas regarding the range of expected employee behaviours, which in turn, guide distinct forms of employee role behavio ur (e.g. helping, innovation, achievement and compliance).Literature Review Organizational culture has the potential to enhance organizational performance, employee job satisfaction, and the sense of certainty nigh problem solving (Kotter, 2012). Organizational culture has received ample support two in the usual and scholarly press as an most-valuable factor predicting organizational effectiveness by inducing employees to be confuse in effect (Cooke Rousseau, 1988 Schein, 1985, 1990). Knowing the culture of an organization allows employees to lowstand both the organizations history and watercourse methods of operation. Organizations mass achieve effectiveness only when employees sh be values.For instance,Eliot Jaques provides the following definition of the culture of a factoryThe culture of the factory is its customary and tralatitious way of thinking and of doing things, which is divided to a greater or lesser extent by all its members, and which new members must lear n, and at to the lowest degree partially accept Culture is part of the second nature of those who have been with the firm for a long time. (1951 251). Organizational culture, through its norms, serves as a control mechanism to channel behaviours toward desired behaviors and away from undesired behaviours. This can as well be accomplished by recruiting, selecting, and retaining employees whose values best add up the values of the organization.AimThe need of the study was to present and discuss the foregoing culture turn back to indicate the culture performance in spite of appearance the British Petroleum and proposing a model for assessing organisational culture towards achieving business objectives.ObjectivesApproach of organisational culture allows access to the dynamics of the social system in all its complexity, and because it leads to the concept of corporate identity (Strategor, 1995. The main objectives of organisational cultural and capabilities to achieve the aim a re,Analysing the present and next Business planStaff employment and their inhithernt relationshipKnowledge sharing and Decision qualificationPlans for business impact and death penaltyRational of the exploreAn Organisations culture determines the organisations ability to complete projects successfully that can encourage a culture in their business that aligns with their objectives and captures employees much(prenominal) the kindredly to succeed in reaching their objectives. Even though deuce businesses have similar buildings, the impact of effectiveness can be different because of differences in their cultures. So the interrogation ab away comparing the present model of organisational culture of the selected organisation with the competitors provides ample of knowledge and new understanding ab away employing stave, kind of move assignment, communication plans and their in-house relationship provides understanding which enhances the knowledge for assessing organisationa l culture towards achieving business objectives.ScopeThe scope of the study operate out contri juste to the surviving look on organizational learning, culture, and credit, the literature on these constructs remains broadly speaking prepositional. There is a wide scope for continued quantitative and soft research on each iodine of the latent variables included in this study individually andcollectively. This research studies could be applied for the findings of research to quadruplex organisation at various geo representic locations, in gear up to determine commonalities and differences across various business sectors and localities.Different combinings of culture and learning variables influence organizational identification at different levels like low, medium and high.Limitations gold and Time Costs When the basic entropy are subjected to frequent changes, incorporating them into the Organisational research models is a costly affair. More all over, a fairly good solu tion at present may be more desirable than a hone solution available after sometime.Implementation Implementation of conclusivenesss is a smooth task. It must take into account the complexities of human relations and behaviour internally.Research Methodology Data charm and analysis methodology is to be carried come forth passim this research which should be chosen to match the particular paygrade in terms of its key evaluation questions (KEQs) and the resources available. Impact evaluations should make supreme use of existing selective information and then fill gaps with new selective information. few common entropy collection methods include observations, interviews, focus groups, surveys, and the use of secondhand info such as test scores.I have accept to carry out Qualitative info methods and analysis which is allows to find out the reasons. This may be beneficial to an organization in bringing out the required changes to create a culture that can facilitate cave in learning opport unities.The research willing be both deductive and inducive in nature and will be anchored in grounded theory.Methodological problems predicted which may arise while carrying out this research areVoluntary participation, because in most cases, permission is needed from commonwealth before involving them in whatever primary research.Confidentiality and anonymity as participants may reveal embarrassing or potentially damaging information such as racist comments, original behaviour andResearcher bias.I will be developing both primary and secondary sources for this research such as primary sources like questionnaire, personal and group interviews and observations and secondary sources like internet, journals, articles, magazines and books.The validity of the proposed model will be tested by a few case studies. In order to measure period and expected organisational culture capabilities, it will subscribe to the maturity-level techniques which is creation able to measure the organisational readiness (Galliers Sutherland, 2003 Salleh Alshawi, 2006). The gap between the period and expected levels could be set which also is known as the politeness Gap(Salleh Alshawi, 2006).TASK 1 part 2 Plan and procedures for the agreed research precondition (AC1.5)Research objectiveBy when Resources to be used (2.1)Milestones (when do you know this objective is achieved)Review dates (which is after the by when to ensure that you have actually achieve the objective )How will you monitor this objective is being achieved? method of monitoringAnalysing the present and future Business plan21/12/16Gathering information on good make better sense of your market research.5/1/178/1/17By constant evaluation after garner the requiredresourcesStaff employment and their internal relationship25/12/16Online survey, questionnaires,Journals,28/12/1631/12/16By throng data in regular basis nearly the employee culture in the organisationKnowledge sharing and Decisi on making5/1/17Articles virtually franchise buyers, books and related tissue link11/1/1714/1/17By getting answer to the questions How much knowledge does the average employee has in terms of decision makingPlans for business ferment and implementation7/1/17The proper and effectively business plan and implementation11/1/1713/1/17Employee full treatment in a happy atmosphere and the productivity will more and growth of the companionship2.1 Match resources efficiently to the research question or hypothesisI focused on the effects and implications of the conceptualisation and operationalization of organization culture and formulation of the research problem of a grounded theory study. The research formulation implications discussed supra are the research design considerations that I ruminate on analysing the present and future Business plan, internal relationship of staff, decision making, business process plan and implementation. I used methodology of submit survey questionnaire as a main instrument, observation ad interviews. apiece of these methods were unique and useful in their own way. By the end of the research, the results from one method were more useful than from the other, and some of these methods did non even work2.2 Undertake the proposed research investigation in accordance with the agreed specification and proceduresData Collection and AnalysisI use observation, documentation review, canvas and questionnaire method of data collection which I believed effective and the research was packed by means of a direct survey. Questionnaire was the instrument of data collection which consists of 20 to 25 questions with a mixture of Likert- casing and closed-ended questions with one answer was developed. A five-point Likert scale was employed to gather responses, 5 indicating maximum agreement and 1 no agreement. The survey was try-based. Non-random sampling was applied and advantages and disadvantages specific to this method of sampling were consi dered. A small group of those surveyed does not authorize to make generalizations, plainly allows the identification of the specific mechanisms and formulation of questions and conclusions. Tested on a badr sample, they will make it possible to formulate more documented and certain, useful theses on a larger scale. Analysis method I used here is predictive analytics and machine learning to anticipate fundamental events and continuous tune of analytic platform using feedback.Advantages I could see see in a flash what people is relying on rather than what they say they do.With Questionnaire method covered large geo representical area.Capable of collecting data from a large derive of respondentsI free-base to ask numerous questions some a subject, heavy(p) extensive flexibility in data analysisWith survey software, ripe statistical techniques can be utilized to analyze survey data to determine validity, reliability, and statistical significance, including the ability to analyz e multiple variablesA broad range of data was collected (e.g., attitudes, opinions, beliefs, values, behavior, factual).DisadvantagesThe challenges I faced in data collection methods are, its much time consuming, information is often incomplete, couldnt get a proper and careful feedback as the wordings biasing the responses. Also I felt couldnt get the full story and surveys are in need of sampling expert.2.3 phonograph recording and collate relevant data where appropriate.I used questionnaire surveys and semi-structured interview schedules, gathering of observational data and analysis of documentary data method because of the express number of senior staff, it may not be possible to conduct pilot semi-structured interviews with them, as this will preclude them from the final data collection. match to the model based on the basic underlying assumptions the description of the current culture was made. The questionnaire was used because of its advantages (little time required and lo w costs) and because the team valued to get a general impression of the mood in the company as quickly as possible. The questionnaires were distributed personally by the heads of the departments, and a truly good return ratio from approximately 40% was reached.In 2011 BP a 10-point plan had been put forward that outlined what could be expected from BP over the next three years. During 2012 work had been done towards the milestones that had set out for 2014. Their plans are refined and communicated further information on our longer-term strategic objectives beyond 2014(BP.com, 2012).Bp has been identified as an organization that adopts differentiation dodging over the years imputable to the proper utilization of the companys competences or capabilities. It has different brands such as BP, Ampm, Arco, Castrol, Aral and waste bean cafe (www.bp.com), and also diversification into development and production of preference sources of energy(BP.com, 2011).With the collected relevant d ata I found if BP wants a safeguard culture, it must implement massive changes throughout every aspect in their organization that are guided by that guard focus. More than re-structuring or changing incentives and rewards it must do more because, so many problems are due to a focus on wages over sentry go? Repeatedly, a focus on growth at the expense of safety or quality leads companies on a dangerous path that affects human lives.The causes are described as systemic issues. Examples includeFlaws in bps forethought and design proceduresFailures to appreciate risksLack of communication and training active lessons learned from prior problemsGovernment regulators lacking the authority, necessary resources and technical expertnessUsing time-saving and cost-saving measuresWhen major quality or safety issues are receptive to the public, by either a disaster or a recall, the changes in the culture are often systemic-its not an isolated error but a change in values. The changes must start at the magnetic core of the culture at its core, where employees stop for a moment to reflect on the values that are important and together create a shared view. If safety is whats valued over profits, then employees should not be over-worked, and wrong equipment and poor maintenance should not be allowed.Employees should be hired not only for competency but also because they personally value safety. It should be the role of each employee to enhance the safety culture.Administration of the questionnaire and analysis of questionnaire data are done to provide material for the interviews and interviews are conducted concurrently. Numerical data were analyzed, which was also enabled the responses from sub-groups of the organization which was separated for analysis. Qualitative data was analyzed using protocols of content analysis.TASK 3 Be able to evaluate the research outcomes3.1 Use appropriate research evaluation techniquesFor the study conducted, there was a requirement of the resources which would assist to identify key constituents that have been undertaken for the purpose. In order to achieve this target, the focus of the study was on the various types of strategies of precaution that undertaken by British Petroleum. The British Petroleum operates worldwide and in diverse population. For example, the European market, people can be divided into various sub-cultures and consumer behavior is also different (Ford Jeffrey, 2009, 105).The outcome of the research shows the true analysis of BPs organisational plan, leadership, staff relationships and organizational decision making of sources of internal information collection and organising the time of data project and sources of usage of collected data for business process implementation and development.The research finding has a valid and reliable data to achieve the aim and objectives of the research. Depending on factors like the goals of the data collection project, the organizations size, resource s and time, data may be gathered about many sub-sets within a broader group of interest (e.g. youth service users who cannot read and who speak incline as a second language).According to Dr. Mustafa Ozkan Karatay (2013) the benefits of the research conducted includes data collection about a group of interest that shares characteristics and the Leadership enhancements that are all-important(a) to avert comparable occurrences in BP which consist ofA solo boilersuit project leader.Clear communications to every individual functioning on the project.Greater safety trainings linking past experiences and crisis analysis.4.Hiring employees with the essential skills to complete tasks competently and firmIt is also important to recognize that based on their unique combination of identities, people exposed to particular forms of discrimination.Bp has under gone major restructuring under the new management of the new CEO Robert Dudley, Dudley said that BP was to re-structure its upstream fr action from a single business into three separate functional divisions exploration, development and production, which would carryout a detailed review of how the group managed third-party contractors in order to pay back accountability for risk management. The company is doing this because of the findings of an internal report it stated that the equipment failure in communication was one of the contributing factors to the BP disaster.3.2 Interpret and analyse the results in terms of the original research specification.The following chart represents the BPs Organisational structure from the top level management from where different business models are distributed throughout the different geographical area in the globe.Organization StructureThe semipolitical influences made a notable difference in BPs strategy which has been changed in general possible to observe two main tendencies. First, BP attempts to postpone political risks in the oil producing countries by means of partners hip and deals with the governments. For instance, BP sign a contract with the Russian state-run oil company. It is reported that the company started producing solar panels after the acquisitions of Lucas Energy Systems (1980) and Amoco (1998)(Saud M. Al-Fattah, 2013). moreover, it is reported that BP invested more than $6 billion in turn and bio-fuel energy projects during the period from 2005 to 2010 (BP.com, 2011)BP also runs a series of development programmes notably known as Managing Essentials to help managers apply the leadership manikin in their own teams. I t also runs three specializer development programmes designed to build excellence in the 3 important functional areas of operations, finance and human resources. The Operations Academy, set up in partnership with MIT, provides BPs senior managers with a systematic and rigorous draw close to managing safe and efficient operations.The overall statistics of British Petroleums business and turnover is found below.Countri es of operationOver 80Number of employees85,900Sales and other operational revenues$375,765 millionCash flow$20.5 billionReplacement cost profit$11.4 billionProved reserves17,000 million set of oil sameRetail sites20,700Refineries (wholly or partly owned)15Refining throughputs2,354 thousand barrels per dayDetailed and structured questionnaire was designed where the survey was undergone with a sample of 50 employees in BP. The methodology developed was Primary and Secondary research. The questionnaire was designed to get information from staffs about their satisfaction and overall opinion about organizations and its structure. Some sample of the questionnaire is showcased below. Here most of them gave multi answers for questions.In what way are individual positions, units and so on clustered within your organization unit?a) By Function c) By product e) By placeb) By target group d) By service f) By projectThe graph shows the way how individuals position is clustered within the org anization. It shows like it depends mostly on the project individual involved with and the service given over by them along with the target group.2. Is the content of job changed for the employees during last two years?a) change by reversal autonomy c) Co-operation with managementb) Specialization d) Multi-tasking e)Weight upon technical qualificationsAccording to the answers of staffs the above graph shows that the content of the job has been changed in past two years with the cooperation with management and also for the individuals who do multi tasking.3. Does your company use any of the following ways of organizing work?a) Quality circles / groupsb) Delegation of responsibilityc)Planned job rotationd) As per resource availabilitye) Integration of functionsf)Specializationg) Incentives based upon quality of resultsIt shows that the company is kind of using the quality circles as more than 50% answered such for organizing the work and 40% said that the incentives are based upon the quality of results they obtain.4. How the Knowledge management has been benefiting your companyContemporary technologies processesb) Efficient management of informationc) Increasing guest satisfactiond) Fosters innovatione) Increasing productivityIt clearly shows with the above graph that the most of them answered(80%) as the company use knowledge management which increases the node satisfaction and 60% answered as efficient management of information. Upto 40% answered that modern technologies and processes and increase in productivity.5. How much freedom of action has, in your opinion, an executive director within the organization to vary his leadership with regard to directing and coaction?a)None c)Complete e)Muchb)Little d)Not muchFor the question arised about the freedom of action for an executive within organization to vary his leadership most(80%)of them answered as complete freedom has been given and very less percentage(5%) said as no. So it shows a positive sign for employees to execute their ideas and work in a stir free environment.6. bulk here try to make friends and to keep their relationships strong. abject speciality gameLOWMEDIUMHIGH23454%6%90%The above graph shows that 90% of the people say, they make friends and to keep their relationships strong.7. the great unwashed here do favours for others because they like one anther unkeptMedium high-pitchedLowMediumHigh44428%8%84%The above graph shows that 84% of the people say, they do favours for others because they like one anther.8. People in our group often socialize outside the officeLowMediumHighLowMediumHigh833916%6%78%The above graph shows that 78% of the people say, they often socialize outside the office9. When people take off your group, stay in touch one anotherLowMediumHighLowMediumHigh763714%12%74%The above graph shows that 74% of the people say, they stay in touch one another when they leave their group.10. People here often confide in one another about personal mattersLo wMediumHighLowMediumHigh13462%6%92%3.3 cultivate recommendations and justify areas for further consideration.BP alliances project, is a significant step toward the growth of the company, but the Chief Executive officer should ensure that the established Centralized Developments organization enhance the integrity in the project implementation process. While considering their present, future business plan and implementations they should establish a body of expertise in greenhouse gases in order to reduce emissions that may hinder the achievement of the project goal. The other recommendation I am keen to verify is that BP should invest much on renewable energy sources like airlift power, solar panel and bio-fuels which is because they present little or fewer risks on people health and environment. There is also a need for the BP Company to consider reorganize its 4 Ps of marketing viz. product, price, promotion and placement so as to secure a competitive advantage over the other six competitors in the industry.BPs weaknesses led it to follow up on in excessive cost-cutting and to take disproportionate risks with respect to the environment, worker safety, discipline security and its own profitability. I analysed also about BPs tough ethics which despite being hailed by the financial media for its corporate citizenship, its blandishment and deeds about social and environmental responsibility were diametrically opposed.Furthermore I recommend that the company should increase expenditures on infrastructure maintenance and employee safety. It should also conduct employee training. It is recommended that BP should use the diversification strategy as a future strategic option in order to continue responding to the environmental challenges. The company should diversify its product range associated with the production of solar and wind energy for individual and corporate customers. It is expected that these products will be popular in the emerging markets such a s India and China where incomes are not high, but

How Strong Is Your Faith Religion Essay

How Strong Is Your Faith Religion EssayBiblical personality mull over placed much organized godliness in his lord. He unbroken his belief scorn rough of the harshest of circumstances. Job had immense resources that provided for him and his family until Satan scrapd idol to a test of Jobs combine. It was in that respectfore that great calamity befell Job and his family. besides testing his creed, theology disfigured Jobs face by giving him welts. through with(predicate) this achieved calamity, Jobs corporate trust grew even up stronger, proving Satan wrong. God then replaced Jobs health, job, land, and even provided with him a discover wife. Confused, Job wondered why he lived such(prenominal) a dramatic rollercoaster of action. Job asked God why did this wholly hazard?, and God replied Because Im God. Thats was whole the answer he needed.God can intimately take adventure ein truththing that he created at whatever clip, which causes man to worshipfuln ess God. People of the purest combine realise this and repay God with a feel hi apologue of homage and servitude. This is usu each(prenominal) told in ally the key behind all religions were at that places a God. For example, in the Hindi conviction they bear a God in which goes by the piddle of shibah, acceptd to be the restorer and annuler of worlds, which gives Shiva the persona of cosmos integrity of the most temperamental gods of any faith. Shiva has the antecedent to destroy the world on a simple whim. To screen his power, Shiva at once cut his own sons head and replaced it with an Elephants head. Once there was a story of a man whom desired power more(prenominal) than anything in the world. He had to obtain sacred weapons fromCraig Peitz How strong is your faith? Page3which were created by Shiva. Through plenteous meditation that went on till he clouded the paradises that in the end angered Shiva. Shiva then challenged the man to a battle, in which he w as easily conquered. Shiva was still impressed by the de disclose and finish of this man, so Shiva terminate providing him with the weapons that he desired so much. Shiva requires the type of faith that is strong enough that man would even challenge God himself, which would make him the ideal Hindu.Religion is a severalise of everyones life through kayoed history, in art, in music, and especially in literature. Its something that could even be traced back to mans earliest presence in this world. Some peoples faith extends contract on than others, solely does this really reckon? When comparing the stories of Job and hex, faith chancems to no make a difference to God. Job be someone who had strong, pure, and stiff faith, and on the other hand, curse had such faltering faith. Yet Job was punished when God tested his faith, and at the same time Jonah in effect(p) fled from God, and yet he was forgiven. Faith seems non to really matter to God in the long run. Between these stories it seems that the total man ends up getting s packed in the end, slice the swingeing guy seems to be rewarded. With that world said, does one man who truly worships God and pure end up weighing more in the eyes of God than an a pathetic Hindu?Man having the need to believe that there is something out there that business exceeder superior to him with some type of explanation for our presence on this world. God having such an unimaginable hotity to mankind makes him necessary to mankind, decidedly having lasted this long. We want to believe and find something that proves there is something more than just a void when its all over. Subconsciously, we even realize there rattling was no God, and no afterlife, there would be no consequences, and the basic goodness within man would come to a fault which would take away from us maintaining the little m one-time(a) we switch, and would promote chaos all around.Craig Peitz How strong is your faith? Page4The amazing part of our world is that everyone has unique gifts, skills, and abilities. One man whitethorn end up as smart as Albert Einstein with a body worry the Hulk, and his brother would watch the mind of the Rain-Man and the body of Moby Dick. God seems to rewards us in a variety of ways. Some of us be blessed spiritually, some physically, some mentally, when some are all rounded. Rewards could be proportional to faith. A man with wealth may be a strong believer, while a man with nonhing may be a blasphemer. simply there qualification be no connection between the meat of faith you have and how youre rewarded. This would make it much easier to believe, when some of the wealthiest people out there are usually sinful or have their pass on something that is. People who believe might non be any better off than people who dont believe. save theres a needion that still form is religion rattling good or bad? In Moby Dick, questions of faith, reward, and reason, floats approximately sublimi nally in the lives and fates of all the players.The PulpitAt my first glimpse of the pulpit, it had not escaped methat however convenient for a ship, these joints inthe present typeface seemed unnecessary. For I was not preparedto see Father Mapple after gaining the height, late turnaround, and stooping over the pulpit, deliberately drag up the extend step by step, till the whole was deposited within,leaving him impregnable in his little Quebec.Things resembling isolation, and alienation could end up being the solution of strong faith. This causes you to be set apart from the crowd, making you an outcast. Father Mapple being one of the truest believers in this novelCraig Peitz How strong is your faith? Page5sets himself up at a distant, higher, and more treasureed place. Mapple believes he is a direct messenger from God. In this chapter The Pulpit is built un uniform any other. According to Mapples specifications, it was exceedingly tall with a long rope function trail to h is chopine this setup was very similar to boarding a vas. Once Mapple withdrawals the ladder, he goes to an isolated world of his own, taking him away from the city where hes an extremely popular whale man. He feels to have such a necessity of passing away to an isolated island away from the real world so then he can communicate with God. Being on a or so empty, isolated ship seems to be all thats left of his religion. This can be taken to mean that while Mapple is merely on his vas and belt up is surrounding him, he must climb up the simple ladder toward enlightenment in come in to escape the land of the sinners so he can communicate Gods raillery. He then pulls up the ladder to keep open any distractions, visitors, or invaders. Usually a real vessel would be set off to sea, which spiritually Mapple has to do. He then stands up high, looking slash on the congregation, he feels he is superior. He has a scene at the foot of the Pulpit of this ship fighting off a colossal storm, and through the clouds is an Angel that is creating light to guide the lonely vessel home. The vessel in the woundting is also the same as the vessel represented by the Pulpit and Mapple is at the Helm. direct at the transcend of the Pulpit is a podium where Mapple reads his bible. His bible in which guides his ship through the storms of evil. instantly the resemblance of all this is that religion represents this lonely vessel, which must scandalize through these storms of evil out front the world can be holy, and Mapple is the yet lotmember on this vessel, who represents mankind.Religion is being a lonely vessel, and man stay alone on this vessel. The yarn from Coleridge, The Rime of the Ancient jackstones march on expresses this solitude. The mariner, who was a man that was cursed to walk the earth, telling his tale to those that he felt were fit.Craig Peitz How strong is your faith? Page6Rhyme of the Ancient MarinerI pass, like night, from land to landI have s trange power of speechthe moment that his face I seeI distinguish the man that must hear meto him my tale I teachIt was tale of a seaman whose clump had encountered some grilling times during their voyage. They ascertained salvation in a special mollymawk that helped guide their path with swift wind to clear their passage. Once they were out in the clear, they witnessed that there blessed creature was killed by the mariner. In an instant the situation deteriorated and all dickens-hundred crew members suddenly dropped dead, with the mariner left all alone in the freezing, stormy weather. Once repented, the vessel was guided by all the ghosts of his crew members to an old hermit who sent him on a solitary quest. The quest he was sent on was for him to spend the rest of his life travelling the world, while telling his tale to all he felt fit. This could very well be Elijahs predicament in (Moby-Dick), someone who appears to be an old insane bum that wont stop trailing outcast and Queequeg. It all started when the Pequods papers were signed and that moment pariah and Queequeg have in upshot signed their souls away. He moved on talking of a soothsaying concerning Ahabs fate. outcast saw him as a senile fool, scarce Elijah has a purpose, he is a illusionist. He brought about a sense of pessimism sooner the journey ever started. He was much like the Ancient Mariner in that he was damned to eternity of prophecy and admonition. This is a warning that concerns a mistake which will lie ahead on their hunt. To the mariner, the millstone is hunted despite the fact that it was their salvation sent by god. Elijah might be warning the deaf Ishmael that Moby Dick is actually the Albatross that was sent from god. In any case, Elijahs fate was sealedCraig Peitz How strong is your faith? Page7forcing him into a life of solitude. He definitely is a true believer, a prophet, and possibly even some incarnation of God. Once again someones faith leads them to solitude. Elijahs life may just be the ending to Jonahs story. After Jonah repented he was forgiven and reborn as a prophet. As a prophet or even a direct servant of god, his journey will end up being a solitary one he will have to fend for himself much like Elijah was. Everyone seems to look upon Elijah with suspense and ridicule, but this comes with the territory. Although Jonahs story never really ended, his fate was still write in stone, and Elijahs life is that fate. Faith destines him to live a life of solitude. proficient like Elijah and Jonah, Ishmael is also left to a fate of ventilation his tales to those he felt fit. He is the mariner, in which his voyage killed the albatross and he ended up paying the undecomposed price left alone in an empty ocean with nada but a place as a life buoy. In all likeliness, God did not allow Ishmael to just shake it off and move on. This tragedy will end up consuming him for the rest of his life, and this cycle will never end because there will always be some other Ishmael and his Pequods.Starbuck on the other hand, is one of the most faithful Christians on the Pequod. He is actually the voice of reason out of the whole crew and always maintains his faith while the majority of the crew ends up no matter it. Like so many others, his religious faith ends up leading him to solitude. Now in The Quarter-deck, Ahab actually describes his experiences with Moby Dick and then announces the goal of his mission, and the entire crew becomes truly excited in which they all end up going along on his insane quest. Through all of this, Starbuck ended up being the only crew member to realize that Ahab had actually changed and became obsessive after this incident.Craig Peitz How strong is your faith? Page8The Quarter-deckVengeance on a dumb brute cried Starbuck, thatsimply smote thee from blindest instinct MadnessTo be anger with a dumb thing, Captain Ahab,seems blasphemous.Even from the beginning, Starbucks faith isolated him from the rest, he could have easily decided to follow the crew, but that would falter his faith. He realizes he is completely different from the rest of the crew. He refused to drink sinfully with the rest, overdue to the crazed and absurd quest of Ahab. Ishmael described the whole crew as being detestable, but Starbuck is actually the ideal man maybe even Gods blueprint. Now this is quite a difference. Yet the only factor out that separates Starbuck from the whole crew is his faith, but his beliefs end up isolating him from the crew. His faith is truly pure but in the end in ends up faltering. He soon realizes that Ahabs obsession has been growing with each passing day and eventually it will kill them all. At point Ahab actually threatens Starbucks life with a musket over a difference of opinions. Starbuck ends up obtaining the musket and is forced to make a decision between his faith and justice. Starbuck being a man of faith knew that no matter the outcome, it will always end up being Gods will.A difference of faiths caused Queequeg to be alienated from the crew. Queequeg was a prince who came from the island of Kokovoko. Over time he developed an interest with Christianity and later ended up finding himself onboard an English whaling vessel. Although he did attempt to be assimilated into Christian society, but he eventually lost interest and ended up redressing back to his own faith. The only thing truly learned were just the skills of whaling. Felling like Christianity had actually made him less than pure he decided not return to his Island to claim his throne. Even though he was greatly regard by the crew, they isolated him for his uniqueCraig Peitz How strong is your faith? Page9faith and culture. During Queequegs Ramadan, he was in a deep meditation didnt move for a full day while worshipping his God. Ishmael had never seen anyone do anything like this before, so to get Queequegs attention he tried his hardest to knock down the door.Ishmael- The RamadanI then went on, beginning with the rise and progressof the primitive religions and coming down to thevarious religions of the present time, during which timeI labored to show Queequeg that all these Lents, Ramadans,and prolonged ham-squattings in cold, cheerless rooms werestark nonsense bad for the health useless for the soulopposed, in short, to the obvious laws of Hygiene and super acid sense. I told him, too, that he being in otherthings such as an extremely sensible and sagacious savage,it pain me, very badly pained me, to see him in a flash sodeplorably inane about this hapless Ramadan of his.Ishmael being the fool tries his hardest to cover it by mocking Queequegs god. He questions what kind of savage religion would require your loyalty and discipline. In similitude to other faiths Ishmaels negative reaction indicates the lack of respect Christianity has for their God. Now Queequeg is definitely not the inferior one in this case. It seems that Ishmaels faith may be so weak and insecure that he feels he must change and condemn every savage he sees. Even though he says that Christianity has progressed, it seems he may veryCraig Peitz How strong is your faith? Page10well may be using a different dictionary than the rest of the world. Unless progressed actually nitty-gritty to be declined to such an extent that a faithful Christian and a prophet are considered freaks and are shunned and isolated from the world. Ishmaels prayers to Yojo showed that he himself believes that Quequegs faith is inferior to his. Ishmael and Queequeg underwent a pagan ritual, smoking to the doll, in order to confirm their marriage.Ishmael -A Bosom FriendI was a good Christian born and bred in the bosomof the infallible Presbyterian Church. How then couldI unite with this wild idolater in worshipping his numberof wood? But what is worship? , thought I. Do you supposenow, Ishmael, that the magnanimous God of heavenand earth- pagans and all included-can be possibly bejealous of an insignificant play of depressed wood? ImpossibleIshmael is in denial and doesnt realize it. He has troubles excepting that the Christians God and Queequegs God are the same being but in different forms. His faith is not strong enough to see the idol as nothing more than just a piece of wood. This is exactly where the relationship starts to have problems. Ishmael feels church is infallible and lacks any solid proofread. He feels this was due to it being forced and installed into him his whole life. On the other hand, Queequeg has spent ample amount of time worshipping his God to where he truly believes. Ishmael being so close-minded, he refuses to accept that Queequegs faith as anythingCraig Peitz How strong is your faith? Page11more than inferior, therefore making him more isolated from Ishmael than a normal from what Christian standards of friendship are. In other words, Queequegs faith makes Ishmael see him more as a pet than a friend.Queequeg is much like the character tha t goes by the name of John the savage from Huxleys Brave New World. John was raised away from new civilization, therefore he the opportunity to have his own opinions, ideas, and ideals. Now on the other hand, everybody that lives in this new society were brain wash from when they were children in order to fit into their assigned classes. Just like Ishmael and the Christians, they were raised believed that everything that they thought they knew was infallible. They believed in their somas, a drug, as a means to escape from their reality, while John knows that the somas were only just a diversion. They believed that the Feelies, a form of entertainment, was the only form of art, while john knew that was wrong for a fact. He was well aware of literature, poetry, and Shakespeare. John was very open-minded because he wasnt like everyone else, a brainwashed conformist. So do you think if Ishmael would have become more open if he wasnt raised by the church?Queequeg was discriminated again st by everyone, because of his faith when he first boarded the ship. There is one criterion for working aboard the Pequod, it was that you were a Christian. It didnt matter if you were a Killer, thieve, or even an overall scum. All types were welcome with open arms as long as you were Christian. On the other hand, Queequeg must prove himself to everyone before he can work with them. It took a very dramatic experience for Queequeg in order to prove his worth to the crew. This all occurred when a foolish man who ridiculed Queequeg was knocked overboard due to a loose post that knocked him into the ocean. Queequeg nowadays dove into the icy water without any hesitation at all in order to save this man, and he succeeded. Since his beliefs differed from the others, he was required prove himself to his shipmates even though it wasnt necessary for others, Christians, to do so. Unfortunately Queequegs faith disjointed him fromCraig Peitz How strong is your faith? Page12his shipmates. In a way it seems Christianity really screwed Queequeg over. He was completely rejected by the others, even though his interests in Christianity lead him to leave his people. He was driven away from Christianity from all the corruption that came with it. Since his chastity was tainted by Christianity, it made him unworthy to be able to return home and claim his throne.So far the strong faith that was in the lives of these mentioned believers has not yet been a positive factor in their lives. We have Job who endured a humiliating test by the God he loved. Then theres Mapple who felt that in order to communicate with God he had to be isolated upon a pulpit. Then we have Elijah, the mariner, who preach the word of God to everyone he saw even though they deemed him a humbug. Now we cant forget about Queequeg who was discriminated against by everyone, even his own tribe, just because he was involved in two faiths. These stories make it seem like there is no advantage to having any faith at all. In fact, in the long run no matter whom they were and how strong their faith was, the entire crew ended up having the same fate a watery death. All except for Ishmael, who was supposedly left to live his life as prophet spreading the word of God? The only come to religion seemed to actually have on these lives, was nothing more than pain and isolation. No one was rewarded nor did they receive any advantages just for loving God. In which seemed to have the opposite effect for the non-believers, they had a clear advantage to not having any religion at all.A life spent without religion is a life spent with leisure. The second mate of the Pequod was Stubb, and he was the complete opposite of Starbuck. Starbuck started this voyage to earn a living, in which Stubb just coupled for the thrill of the hunt. Through this entire voyage, Stubb really enjoyed himself. His days are now worried free. His supper is one example of his impertinence and carefree attitude. He and the black cook,C raig Peitz How strong is your faith? Page13 inebriate, have a conversation that leads to questions about death. Stubb asks Fleece where he plans on going after his death, and Fleece just subtly points up. Which was quite funny since Stubb didnt understand this so he told Fleece that we definitely dont need a corpse just hanging from their masthead.Stubb -Stubbs SupperYou said up there, didnt you? And now lookat yourself, and see where your tongs arepointing. But, perhaps you expect to get intoheaven crawling through the lubbers hole,cook but, no, no , cook, you dont getthere, except you go the fixity way, roundby the rigging. Its a ticklish business, but mustbe done, or else its no go. none of usare in heaven yet.He might have some belief in heaven, but its definitely in a very distant corner of his mind. He lives his life without worry of heaven at least until the last possible moment. He thinks faith is nothing but useless, hes a non-believer. He asks Fleece how he intends to get into heaven since it seems the effort is more trouble than it is actually worth. On the other hand, the regular way in Stubbs mind involves a Starbuck-type loyalty, which he doesnt want to give. When he says none of us are in heaven yet he is basically saying why bother? There is no proof and no live person can be sure that heaven even exists until they die. Therefore, his life is full of enjoyment having no religion, and yet he shares the same fate of Gods blueprint. Starbuck doesnt consider orCraig Peitz How strong is your faith? Page14fear death at all, and this is how he lives without any worries, superstitions. One example Ishmael give for Stubbs lack of religion and faith, is his pipe. It was described as a part of his face, he thought of it to be some kind of disinfectant that would protect him from Gods wrath. Ishmael doesnt want to believe that there will be no consequences for your decisions in life. Yet some having no religious conviction at all easily lives his life fre ely, unlike most other Christians. I feel we all have the opportunity to make our own mettlesome Prints of life regardless of our beliefs and or faith. The only things that all humans have in common is suffering, which brings us together, but yet we all are destined to the fate of death some just sooner than others.These two monolithic figures from literary history lived two very similar lives despite their differences in faith and styles of coping. Both were beset by great tragedy, and endured in their own was. Perhaps there is something to be said of the captains demise when compared to Jobs perseverance, but a faith in something greater is what bound them together.

Friday, March 29, 2019

Discrimination is unfair treatment

Discrimination is unfair preachingIntroductionDiscrimination is nonhing, neertheless an unfair interposition against a individual or group of people effect on prejudice (Oxford crisp Dictionary). This would imply discriminating people on the basis of their sexual practice, race, religion, caste, class, age, dis king, migration, genetic disposition, carnal appearance, etc etc. Discrimination at workplaces among gender is a involve manpowert of severe concern for organizations all e reallywhere India.Talking ab tabu gender biases, wowork force in India still re main the largest group that lay outs secernwork forcet in workplaces. Even in todays world, wo hands comprise of except 2 per cent of the total managerial force-out in the Indian corporate sector. While more than and more wowork force be joining the corporate, with cleanse salaries and even at senior levels, their wage cornerstonedour comp ard with their male counterparts is still a disappointment.Discrim ination at workplaces poop add up from all of the sides, whether be from the employers or the employee itself. When we talk about the employee itself, we constrict into consideration the agency new employees atomic number 18 treat or welcomed by the exist champions. The effect of this may last for a long cartridge clip, if non amongst them, still in the organization, as this could be seen in the produce of negative feed anchor virtuoso may push back in return of his work. Discrimination leads to psychological and aflame disturbances leading to demoralization which further affects the performance and the standard of work output. It is so truly said that discrimination results in the wastage of human resources and their talent. This is to the highest degreely seen with women. manhood and woman play an important and play off agency in the clubhouse. In India from centuries it has been noniced that women be and considered an oppressed class and ar neglected. Durin g the national constrain out for independence, Gandhi gave a call of emancipation of women. He wrote - I am austere in the matter of womens rights. The difference in sex and physical form de nones no difference in location. Woman is the complement of man, and not inferior. The governing body of India decl ars that all atomic number 18 equal in front of the law.Gender divergence rump likewise be performed as gender bias, which refers to the differences made among individuals strand on their gender, that is, male and female or girl and boy. initially this conundrum was seen in rural India as people considered a girl pip-squeak a burden on them, only if now this is alike seen in urban India in argonas such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as run intoices, organizations, institutions, lodge etc etc.The gender variety in the workplace is one of the high rated issues that claim been publicly ringing through nine for years. It refers to the hidden disparities among individual base on gender performance which is seen towards women. In order to identify this situation we mustiness try to find to the root of the problem and must understand sociological factors that cause women to gravel much more difficult times acquiring the same contend, profits and duty opportunities as their male complements. The society in which we live right now have been shaped patriarchal for centuries. onwards the industrial revolution most people worked in and near their al-Qaidas, whether they were compound in remoteming or making clothes or pottery. In certain situations one would notice men going to far off places like towns or cities for work and a better wage, but women on the new(prenominal) spend have always continued to be on that point at home and carry on the work of her and her husbands shargon ( when he is not around ). except this situation changed when modern industry appeared in the late 19th century, which saw a drastic separation among ho me and workplace.In terms of employment as well as promotion in work and product line, women often face greater constipation than men.Women are, and have been, entranceway the workplace in rapid numbers. Evidence raises that bosom and upper class women are prospering even though discrimination is prevailing in the society.When talking about the women in the workplace, often the term glass-ceiling is used referring to the imaginary doer barrier that seemingly impedes a womans ability to rise to the top ranks.Even though there has been a lessen gender gap in labour forces as women are entering work, literature shows that gender discrimination still persists in Indian workplaces. As anthropologist Gayle Rubin (1975178) said, a taboo against the sameness of men and women (divides) the sexes into deuce mutually scoopful categories (and) thereby creates gender. It has been seen that men ordinarily enjoy certain benefits without having worked for them, which a women doesnt comely because they are males. The word gender in itself signifies the advantage males have over females (Acker 1990146 1999 Britton 2000 Risman 1998). It is the societies who create and maintain the gender differences and these can be seen in a number of ways. Division of work according to sexes is a fundamental opinion of work which is brought about by organizational practices ( Acker 1999 Ely and Meyerson 2000 Ridgeway and Smith Lovin 1999)HISTORYInitially it was seen in India that women were not treated equally and fairly in equation to their male counterparts. They were deprived of a lot of facilities and were not given the fringe benefit of education, work, owe property or even vote. It was believed that women were meant to stay at home, call forth the baberen, serve the family and carry out all the domestic abode work. But during the 1800s efforts were made for the first time to bring about equality amongst gender. In the early part of this century coeducation started at leas t at the university level and laws were made to bring about equality. From then things have improved but still discrimination and unequal treatment against women persistsTHEORITICAL FRAMEWORKThe fundamental informative theories for gender inequality are as followsHuman capital speculation acculturationOvert discriminationThe dual labour trade sympathetic CAPITAL THEORYHuman capital theories attribute gender inequality and occupational segregation to overturn education and skill levels found among women ( Estevez-Abe 2005 184). In other words, it means that, people with more skills, knowledge, learn etc etc are more likely to get better jobs. It has been noticed that women normally end up in part time jobs or less desir sufficient jobs as compared to men, meaning jobs that demand less skills. gibe to this theory, women invest less in education and formal training in comparison to men because of handed-down family berth (Ibid, 351) which are to raise the nipperren, serve the family and carry out the household work (Becker 1982 cited in Estevez-Abe 2005184). Also, this theory suggests, that women avoid fields where there are rapid changes such as technological, innovative changes. Literature shows that those occupations requiring less investing of time, money and training are now the ones with lower returns and female based (Marini 1989 352 Rosenfeld 198457). Human capital theory as well as puts that the extent to which an individual allow differ in the variables such as prior experience, hours of working, education, knowledge, marital status, etc etc, their price in the labour grocery store will be affected in return. No matter even if a woman has same qualifications, experience and are at the same position to that of a man in opposite still she earns less in comparison to him (Padavic and Reskin 2002).SOCIALIZATIONSocialization also helps in explaining gender inequality. Theories based on socialization say that it is through childhood and the way they socially interact that the individuals place is unconquerable in the society or workplace (Tomaskovic Devey 1993 8). According to this theory, it is the society who sets out the appropriate habits and occupations for an individual (Rosenfeld 198457). In other words, men and women accept the roles based on gender laid out by the society for them. They also value them as thats what they learn through socialization over a period of time. These roles are mostly the rules, norms and regulations of a society (Konrad, Corrigal, Lieb Ritchie 2000 109). This also affects the way one conducts himself or herself and his or her ambitions leading to division of labour where women peg down in household and family activities and men in occupation and mart. They way one socializes as a child plays a very important role in shaping his future and career life. Socialization has a very important and predominant role in an individuals life. It is the socially constructed norms and values of th e society that brings about gender inequality in workplaces as well. No matter how modern one may be, he still has to stay in a society and follow its rules and regulations. If he tries to change or go against them consequences that follow are not desirable and of choiceOVERT contrarietyProgression has been of no good to women when it comes to the way they are treated at workplaces. Overt and c unconcealed discrimination continues to affect them in workplaces. Much of the treatment is covert but then one cannot deny the fact that overt also continues. Here (overt discriminating treatment) one sees how the men especially the sportsmanlike men are dominant in the society making the rules and regulations. They have an upper hand and advantage in the labour market. Women pose a treat to these uninfected men (Reskin 1988). Evidence show that how historically White men used labour unions to exclude women from well pay jobsTHE duple LABOUR MARKETAccording to the dual labour market th eory, men and women earn different incomes because they work in different segments of the labour market. Women are mostly found working in the areas which comprise of low incomes and benefits. Therefore, equal pay for equal work is just a principle which only applies to a very handful of people as women are never engaged in equal work.According to the dual labour market theory the market is divided into two markets namely the primal market and the second-string market.In the primary labour market, jobs are relatively durable, wages are also good and opportunities for advancement exist. Basically primary jobs are found in large organizations as they comprise of more stable jobs, better working environment and benefits. Example of this would mean working in a MNC under the management head.On the other hand, secondary markets are the ones having few turnovers, small profits, not many stable jobs and also poor people working environment. Example of this would be working a serving so ulfulness in a fast food restaurant. These are short time or part time jobs.Under this theory one sees that most of the women would be employed in the secondary labour market and not the primary labour market.The primary labour market itself is divided into two tiers the first tier and the second tier.The first tier consists of high status professional and organizational jobs with more autonomy whereas on the other hand second tier consists of the working class with less autonomy such as semi skilled blue collar jobs. Women are found in large percentages under the informal sector of the labour market where there is a wide wage gap and low or no benefits. People or companies would hire such people in an under the table manner which would have no records of them and also not pay them their profit share.Under this theory it is also said that men and women are employed in different occupations and if they were in the same occupation then they would be doing different jobs. This is call ed occupation segregationLITERATUREAccording to Joanne Naiman, men are considered breadwinners and womens place is at home (Joanne Naiman 1997 250-51). This bandstand is not surprising as history shows how it is the men who have been the policy makers and shape the society as they perceive and want it. They have always been imposing the society. For example in Joanne Naimans book, there is an excerpt from Gustave Le Bonne, a Parisian in 1879, in which he openly compared most of the female brains with that of gorillas and utter the inferiority (of women) is so obvious that no one can fight it for the moment only its degree is worth discussing. (Quoted in Joanne Naiman 1997 250).Another eccentric can be traced from Carol Travis book titled The Mismeasurement Of Woman where she states that left wing hemisphere of the brain deals with intelligence and reasoning and right on the other hand with passion, sex and other such similar concepts. It was said that men were considered to h ave an advanced or better left brain in comparison to women. But later some where in the 1960s and 70s scientists found out that it was the right hemisphere of the brain that was source of intelligence, imagination, reasoning, creativity etc etc and men had more of this brain now (Carol Tavris 199248).Both the above citations clearly show that how society would see women to be inferior to men and not anguish enough to carry out jobs which would deal with thinking and reasoning and these were the main causes as why women were not treated equally at workplaces. It was because of these mindsets that women were not given the freedom to work and if they were to work, they had to always prove themselves worthy in comparison to men at every step and were not treated equally. This could be in the form of them not getting the equal pay as her male colleague or not promoted or anything for that matter.Ergo, puts the viewpoint across and says that all those jobs which need supervision are fem ale jobs such as a nurse, secretary, receptionists etc etc. To show this point he uses the racing shell story (Mustapha Koc 1999) where Mary, the wife, was given the responsibility and job of a secretary and control of the family business and her husband was the boss. Even though they husband and wife, still they did not share the responsibilities that they could have of the family business in the office. This was because the society had outlined the role and position for Mary. Because of the norms and rules of the society Mary had to interject her job from the bank as she had children now and had to become a housewife. This is another example as to how women are not treated equally in workplace and society.Theodore Caplow (The Sociology of Work, 1954) identifies the reasons as to what make it difficult for women to compete with men in the general labour markets. The reasons mentioned are Womens primary role and social status as housewife and mother, the secondary economic role of women as family breadwinners / providers, the large number of women in society for whom paid employment was as option, rather than a necessity and the historical (cultural) domination of the workplace by men.Walby in the similar lines of that of Caplow but in greater emphasis argues that male domination in workplace has created a cultural setting in which women play a largely fringy role.It is clearly seen in our everyday lives how women are asked to take care of the households, family and children. How she has to quit from her job when her children are born and how it is all her duty to bring up the children along with taking care of the others at home. How as a child they asked to play with dolls and some sort of indoor games called house house or teacher teacher. While playing these games how they would treat their dolls as if they were her children and take care of them. At school asked to take extra curricular activities involving subjects like home science, stitching, nursin g. It is very clearly visible how women are not treated equality to men and this brings about gender inequality.As Haralambos (Themes and Perspectives) notes a pointWomen face a number of disadvantages in paid work. Firstly, they tend to be lower paid than men. Secondly, they are more-likely to be in part-time work. Thirdly, they tend to punishing in the lower reaches of the occupations in which they work. Fourthly, women tend to do particular types of jobs, usually those with low status.Media also has a major role in this. It also lets subjects or categorises womens role to household. Most of the household advertisements are also accounted towards women and any with power, authority, position, strength toward men. This also shapes the role of men and women.Societies have shaped the role of a women to such a limitation that even if she gets a job by going against the norms of the society, she would not be able to go far in her career. The reason for this would be that the society w ill not be able to see a women doing better and at a better position that men. About 75 percent of the jobs in the well paying professions are held by men and even if women are able to get equal jobs as men they still get paid substantially less (David Bender and Bruno Leone 1989 75). For that matter one sees that certain jobs of women are such manipulated and are of a certain standard of measurement when they do not get maternal leaves from companies they are employed in (David Bender and Bruno Leone 1989 74). in one case they have left their job it becomes very hard for them to get back to the professional ladder.But when we talk about inequality amongst gender in workplace, this could also be for the fact that there are certain job positions that could only be filled by certain genders, such as army officers. Even though there has been a number of movements that are trying to get rid of this inequality and some have also been successful but this has also shown a downfall in the society by the number of rape, sexual harassment, verbal violence, etc cases at workplaces which puts a doubt in the minds of women and are made to think twice if they should even take up that job and position.Religion and culture also say that the roles of men are different from that of women. Mankind has taught that men are superior to women ( Babara Kantowitz 1986). This legal opinion is taught to all from a very early age normally which have lead people to think and believe that males are better than women, therefore, should get better job opportunities and no compromise should be made in this aspect. This gender inequality ahs always been there and still continues to exists.THE CONCEPT OF A DUAL ROEL OR DOUBLE SHIFTBarron and Norris argue that men can work in both the sectors, be it primary or secondary, but they are most likely to be found in the primary sector in contrast to women, who are found mostly in the secondary sector. This is because women are more likely to take u p jobs where you are paid less and that are flexible in nature. This observation relates to the desire that women tend to have a dual role. Dual role can be expressed in the way that bringing up the child is primary and supplementing family income is secondary. It based on the primary role for women as to where and when can they work. This further affects the market situation for men. It is for this reason and fact that women work in secondary sectors.It is because of the reason mentioned above that women are not generally able to commit themselves in a long term careers. The general social structure of womens lives is less well adapted to the demands of professional employment.In history it has been seen as an evidence that how for a variety of reasons women had been less organized than men in the workplace (especially in relation to Trade Union organization and membership) and how, therefore, more-easily dismissed or made redundant than men.