Descartes’ First Trademark Argument Essay

Descartes argues that our idea of God is innate, meaning it is something inside us from birth, something that has always been there and will always be there. He believed that everybody has an idea of God being a supremely perfect being, and comes to the conclusion in his argument, that God himself put this idea there, he even said that our idea of God is like â€Å"the mark of the craftsman stamped on his work† – us being the work, the mark being our knowledge of God himself. For Descartes, the fact that everybody has this innate idea of a supremely perfect God is in itself, proof of his existence; and the fact that this is an a priori argument, makes this argument appealing for all rationalists, as it relies on knowledge, and not sense experience – which Descartes never trusted. The foundation for Descartes argument is the causal adequacy principle, this is the idea that something (for example, A cannot exist unless it is produced or caused by something else that contains formally or eminently everything that is found in A. Formal reality refers to the basic properties that a thing possesses. However, this alone would cause problems for Descartes argument, because God obviously does not possess all of the properties, of all of the objects on earth, take for example a stone, its properties are hard, round, rough. God is not these things. The way Descartes gets round this is by saying that something say again, a stone, can be caused by something that contains the properties eminently. To contain something eminently, means for the cause to not necessarily have the same properties as the effect, but to have a greater property. So God may not possess the qualities of a stone (say hardness) however he possesses a quality greater then this. In other words, the causal adequacy effects means the cause of something can be no less then the effect. Descartes then takes this principle, and believes he can apply it to ideas, in particular the idea of God as a maximally/supremely perfect being, the cause of this idea, must therefore must contain formally or eminently maximum perfection, so therefore the cause of the idea of God must itself be maximally perfect. Descartes then uses deductive reasoning to decide where the idea came from, he first asked, could he be the source of the idea? However concludes that he can’t be, because he himself is not supremely perfect, and therefore he can’t be the cause of a supremely perfect being. He then considers if the idea of a supremely perfect being could have come through his senses, however he decides this isn’t possible, as he knows he has never seen (heard, smelt, tasted) a supremely perfect being. He then asks if he could have imagined a supremely perfect being, again he concludes he couldn’t have, because his idea of God is too clear and distinct to have come from his imagination. He therefore deducts that the cause of the idea of a supremely perfect being, is actually an existing supremely perfect being who ‘placed’ this idea in his mind; so therefore, God exists. There are however, a number of criticisms to this argument, firstly, many philosophers have raised doubts as to whether the causal adequacy principle is actually true to real life, as there are a number of examples in everyday situations where the cause at least appears to be less then the effect, for example, a match causing a roaring bonfire, or a whisper causing an avalanche. Further examples include chaos theory – the idea that a flutter of a butterfly’s wing can cause an earthquake. If indeed causal adequacy principle isn’t true, Descartes’ whole argument is flawed, as if the cause can be less great then the effect, then Descartes indeed could have created him himself. The second criticism is David Hume’s argument, that you cannot know a cause a priori, but only by experience. He says you cannot determine the cause of something, simply by using reasoning, for example, if a window is broken, you know it must have been something big enough to produce enough force to break it by our past experiences, not by using a priori reasoning. He concludes that you have to have to have observed the cause and the effect to truly know what happened, and therefore the cause must be in existence. The third criticism questions whether we can actually have an idea of a supremely perfect being, Thomas Aquinas doubts our imaginings of God, because he is too great, and that it is impossible for us to understand some of his qualities, particularly the idea of God being infinite, as it is beyond out understanding to understand what such qualities actually mean, and therefore we don’t have a genuine idea of God. The forth criticism of Descartes’ argument is that the idea of God is incoherent, there are attributes which appear to be just plain contradictory, for example God is both immanent and transcendent. There is also doubt raised over Gods supposed omnipotence, can he make a rock so heavy that he can’t lift it? It seems either way his omnipotence will be compromised. There is also the problem of evil, if God is all good, omniscient and omnipotent, then why does he allow suffering in the world? It would therefore seem that the idea of God is unclear, and if so it is likely the cause isn’t that great, and so would make sense that the cause could in fact have been Descartes himself. Another criticism is that the idea of God is not universal, as many other religions do not have an idea of one all powerful God, and therefore the idea of God cannot be innate, as if it was, it would be inside all of us. Also, it is put that the idea of omnipotence cannot be divine, as it can be traced back to having historical routes as tribes fought over who had the greatest God, they would start with ‘our God is powerful’ until one tribes got to ‘our God is maximally powerful’ – and therefore cannot be beaten by the other tribe. Descartes would argue that the fact other religions don’t acknowledge one maximally perfect God does not mean the innate idea is not in us, it just means they have chose to ignore it, or haven’t been made aware of it. He compares it to maths, in the way that we may not have used its truths and laws (i. e. that a triangles interior angles add up to 180) however they are still truths none the less. The last criticism is the empiricists account for the idea of God, that we have experienced attributes such as power, knowledge and goodness in people around them and simply extended them to the idea of God, therefore the cause is less great then the effect, and the idea is not innate. One thing it has in it’s favor, is that it is an a priori argument, and therefore uses reasoning, something rationalist would find very appealing, it means that if the premise can be accepted that it can give 100% certainty. Overall, I feel Descartes’ argument has too many valid criticisms for it to be considered as a successful argument, and its foundation- casual adequacy principle, is itself flawed, leaving the whole argument to fail.

Morality and Sister Essay

Apr 27, 2009 – It is a ve ry moving story and when I read the book I cried my eyes out. If you have not yet read the book, do yourself a favor and do so. Some issues I †¦ What is the major bioethical issue in my sisters keeper †¦4 answers19 Apr 2012 Parents: Who else has seen the movie â€Å"my sisters keeper †¦3 answers19 Sep 2011 My Sister’s Keeper! Moral Issues? – Yahoo Answers3 answers17 Aug 2011 What was a social issue , in the movie â€Å"My Sister †¦2 answers29 Mar 2011 More results from answers.yahoo.com CNS Movie Review: My Sister’s Keeper www.catholicnews.com/data/movies/09mv069.htm‎ NEW YORK (CNS) — The moral issues of â€Å"My Sister’s Keeper† (New Line) are laid out for us even before the opening credits have finished rolling. Narrator †¦ My Sister’s Keeper (Review of the Film, a tothesource article †¦ ecclesiaofwomen.ning.com/forum/topics/my-sisters-keeper-review-of‎ Jul 9, 2009 – The film â€Å"My Sister’s Keeper† depicts the confusion and suffering that †¦ The Island, My Sister’s Keeper takes on a real-life issue commonly known as â€Å"savior sibling. †¦ Technology, apart from any ethical or moral compass, has †¦ Ethical Issues On My Sister s Keeper Movie Free Essays 1 – 20 www.sparknotes.com †º †¦ †º Literature Study Guides †º My Sister’s Keeper‎ In 2004, Picoult published My Sister’s Keeper. Like most of her works, the novel takes on a range of morally complex issues, from the ethics of genetic †¦ My Sister’s Keeper Health, Social, Ethical and Moral Issues.

Elements of Cinema Essay

* Since the images of moving pictures move in time, time is the most important element of the cinema. In the cinema it is subject to contraction, expansion, breaks or leaps through the manipulation of the director. The three aspects of the time 1. Physical time is the time taken by an action as it is being filmed and as it is being projected on the screen. A film may actually show what is happening in real life. * Physical time in the cinema can be distorted through slow motion, accelerated motion, reverse motion, and stopped motion. * Slow motion happens when the camera takes pictures faster than the projector can show them on the screen. * Accelerated motion occurs when the camera takes pictures slower than the projector can run them on the screen. * Reserve motion conveys an undoing of time * Stopped motion is not often used. Instead of stopping the action of an otherwise moving sequence, still photographs are used. 2. Psychological time is our emotional impression of the duration of the action that we experience as we watch film. In real life our mental state affects the way time passes for use. Time seems to move fast when we are happy. Boredom, idleness, or tragedy makes time lag. * In the cinema, time also go quickly and induces in us a feeling of exhilaration and excitement, while a slow pace can induce a melancholy mood or grief and slow down time. 3. Dramatic time refers to the time taken up by the events which are depicted in the film. the cinema may use a story-line that covers a single day in the life of a character or the whole history of a civilization. * A story that embraces a long period of time may utilize flashbacks, include a plague or an epilogue, or exclude that inessential since it can be controlled from the shot. * A film that depicts a brief period of time may be extended through repetition of different aspects on the events or the inclusion of scenes which to us may seem to flash across the screen when in truth it covers a few minutes. Read more:Â  Analysis on Philippine Cinema

Humanitarian cash transfer program Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Humanitarian cash transfer program - Coursework Example gency Management Agency (NEMA) and the State Emergency Management Agencies (SEMAs) who ensure that cash transfer from various donors reach the state for various purposes. However, the risk involved in transferring cash transfer for food aid for IDPs is the threat of various anti-governmental agencies like the BokoHaram who may pose threat by stealing the money of food which are being ferried to the IDPs (ACF, 2007). More than 500,000 of the 5,000,000 from Borno have fled their homes, five thousand killed according to NEMA which has been placed in charge for such statistics in the region with women and children being majorly affected. Likewise, they have pointed to multiple security incidents as the root cause of the IDPs problem being experienced in the country. In addition, issues like hygiene in the IDPs camps are a challenge as there is fear of an epidemic break in the region (Jaspars &Harvey (with Hudspeth &. Rumble), 2007). To prevent the health scenario form becoming a problem, community access to healthcare facilities should be increased as many were probably destroyed due to the problem which resulted to the IDPs in the region so as to prevent against an outbreak of an epidemic disease. This is achievable by addressing immediate health needs experienced or required by the IDPs. Secondly, various concerned organizations and the national society should ensure that the sources of livelihood for the displaced IDPs are generated back to normally because without these, the problem they encounter as IDPs are increased. Thirdly, the cash transfer will help towards shelter settlements and non-food items should be provided to the IDPs starting from those who are largely affected. Different camps should be built in various locations in the state to further prevent the IDPs from adding to problems they are already experiencing through movements (Maxwell & Majib, 2010). Fourthly, water, sanitation and hygiene promotion should be largely encouraged and promoted

Discussion Question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Discussion Question - Assignment Example I recommend an equity based rewards program. An equity based reads program is not the same as an equal rewards program. In an equity based rewards program the rewards outcomes are not equal for all employees. Instead the rewards are apparently fair in terms of the contributions made by the employees, or groups of employees, such as teams. Thus, in the rewards program recommended by me the pay is not equal for employees, the raise in pay is not equal across all employees, the perks received are not the same, and promotions are not based on any time scale that makes the opportunities for promotion the same for all employees. In my recommended rewards program, all these elements of a rewards program are dispensed on the basis of contribution to the performance of the company. In other words, the employees or group of employees that contributes more gets more. In the development of my rewards program I have drawn support from the equity theory in the distribution of rewards to employees. Employees do not feel that they are being discriminated against in the distribution of rewards, when it is clear to them that the employees or groups of employees who have received more are the same employees who have made larger contributions to the performance of the organization (Phillips & Gully, 2011). Psychologically Healthy Workplace Program. (2008). Making Teamwork Rewarding. Retrieved from, Good Company, 2(4), Web Site: http://www.phwa.org/resources/goodcompany/newsletter/article/48 (Accessed April 26,

Diverisity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Diverisity - Research Paper Example ts and may involve an employee reporting a fellow colleague involved in unlawful or illegal activity to the in charge of the department but this only happens when the complaint systems are available. â€Å"There are some reasons to believe that people are more likely to take action with respect to unacceptable behavior within an organization if there are complaint systems that offer not just options dictated by the planning and control organization but a choice of option for confidentiality (Rowe, Wilcox and Horwad). With regard to external reporting, whistleblower may report to different persons depending on the severity of the case and range from media, law enforcement or watchdog agencies. In UK, whistle blowing is subject to public interest Disclosure act including culture of raising concerns apart of normal business activity of any well led NHS Organizations, culture free from bullying where staff have the freedom to speak out without being bullied, support to find alternative employments elsewhere in cases where the employee can’t continue working in the same organization after reporting. In USA, there are several contradictory laws on the subject which keep on varying from state to state and the subject matter of the whistle blowing. Still state laws protects employees who call attention for the violations, help with enforcement proceedings, or refuse to obey unlawful proceedings. The first act was established in 1863 as a false claim Act which was revised in 1986 which tried to combat fraud by supplies of United States during America’s civil war. The act encourages whistleblowers by promising them certain percentage of recovered money by the government and protecting them from retaliation from the employer. Another law that protects whistleblowers is the Lloyd-La Follette Act of 1912. This guaranteed the right of federal employees to give information to the United States Congress. A good example is the clean water Act of 1972with subsequent acts like

Critical evaluation of our times Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Critical evaluation of our times - Essay Example The history of terrorism dates back to between 10th and 14th century in Syria and Iran. It originated from the Hashhashin, whose English word came to be known as ‘assassins’. They were an unknown Islamic group that killed the Abbasid and Seljuk who were political figures. They cannot be compared with the modern day terrorists due to their failure to use the media and other forms of communication to create a sense of terror to the people. Modern terrorism is experienced virtually everywhere in the world unlike the assassins of Syria and Iran who were only confined to those two countries (Jeroen et al 20). The history of modern terrorism dates back to 1793 during the Reign of Terror as initiated by Maxmilien Robespierre, who was one of the heads of the new state during the French revolution. He killed the enemies of revolution and mounted totalitarianism in order to regain national stability. To him, his methods were just in the monarchical transformation to liberal democracy. He said that for one to be right as a founder of the republic, he or she needs to pacify by terror the opponents of freedom. With his sentiments, the foundation for modern terror was laid to teach that violence will lead to a better system. But the featuring of terrorism as a state action faded, whereas the thought of terror as an attack against the prevailing political order eventually was more noticeable (Schmalleger, 109). At the start of 1950s, there was the emergence of non-state terrorism that entailed the rise of guerilla tactics that was being orchestrated by the non-state actors. This had been widely done in the last half of the 20th century. The thriving of tribal nationalism such as the Zionist; the anti-colonial utterances in France and Britain as well as the ideologies like communism were some of the guerrilla tactics (Fukuyama, 45). In clear terms, the terrorist groups of the 20th century with a one united national goal started forming in

The purpose that HR serves in the organization and to society also Research Paper

The purpose that HR serves in the organization and to society also encourage an understanding of one HR practice - Research Paper Example However, for a company to benefit and manage its resources accordingly there is a need to have human resources department to oversee the organizational management process and procedure (Bogardus 26). In an organization, there are three main organs, which must coordinate in order to achieve the organizational goals; the shareholders, management and employees. The shareholders are the top leadership who recruits the management to run the organizational programs on their behalf; the employees are the junior staff and sources of labor to handle the organizational operations as scheduled by the management (Gaspar 19). Through the human resources management department, employees are assigned duties that must be monitored to affirm that the employees are working in accordance with the terms and conditions that they accepted during the recruitment process (Kamoche 40). In order for a strategy to be implemented in an organization, the human resources management department must be involved being the management consultants employed by the executive leadership of the organization to hire, monitor employee performance and keep the best workforce and fire the unproductive workforce leaving the employees who would work towards the accomplishment of organizational objectives (Price 44). The mandate of the human resources management is to ensure that the organization is operational meaning that the set return goals and objectives are met with adequate investment returns (Armstrong 06). However, according to the requirements of an organization, the human resource management should be well vast with company laws and regulations in order to implement the same on the employees and reduce cases of unnecessary claims hence shaping the whole organization towards the management process (Price 85). Any organization does not only benefit the employees and workers; the community and society are also able to

The Asia-Pacific Region Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Asia-Pacific Region - Essay Example The effect of personality on policy continuity has already been affirmed by an unnamed White House official who stressed out that â€Å"personalities matter†¦ in the conduct, formulation, and implementation of [foreign policy]† (cited in Lampton, 2001, p.313). A change in administration means that there is also a change in the personality leading that administration. Such a person may have a different set of visions, follow a divergent ideology, or employ a different mindset from his predecessor. Indeed, â€Å"leadership turnover and regime change† may significantly affect patterns of US policy behavior and â€Å"likely result in foreign policy change and restructuring† (Dixon & Gaarder, n.d., p.185). The policies initiated or planned by the previous administration will experience restructuring should the succeeding president seek to prioritize other policies or tend to misinterpret his predecessor’s intentions or methods of implementation because the ideology he adhered to is markedly opposed to that of the former president. The behavior of US foreign policy has particularly been affected by the ideological differences of Republican-led and Democratic-led administrations. The former tends to be â€Å"more conservative internationalist in orientation,† while the latter is â€Å"more liberal internationalist in orientation† (Rosati, 1994, p.251). The direction of US policy has experienced modifications with every new administration. However, this is not only due to the change in the leading personality or the regime.

Causal Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Causal Analysis - Essay Example Thus, economic freedom characterized by an individual's increased autonomy in making decisions regarding his income and an increase in wealth-creating opportunities made available to him; is an important means to achieving political freedom because of its dispersing effect in the concentration of power (Freidman 9). Friedman illustrates this through historical evidence where capitalism, an economic arrangement focused on free markets and economic freedoms, effectively restricted centralized power from abusing its control on the political and civil liberties of citizens (10). Hence, individuals who experience economic freedom through controlling the means of production and owning private property are given a share in the political power of that society, taking power away from the central government. This shift in power structure creates incentives for governments to give in to demands for civil and political liberties, creating the necessary conditions to achieve political freedoms an d democracy (Friedman 11). Economic freedom is therefore a necessary cause of political freedom and democracy.

BBUS 381 A1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

BBUS 381 A1 - Essay Example Take an assumption that employees within a company have their own goals, and personalities. On this basis, employees cannot be perceived as part and parcel of the organization (Dressler, Reka and Cole, 2011). The principles of human resource management hold that the company should enact group and individual psychology for purposes of making these employees to strive in achieving the goals of the company. On this basis, human resource management aims at achieving the strategic goals of an organization by retaining, attracting and developing the talents of its employees. Dressler, Reka and Cole (2011) observe that human resource management acts as a link between the employees and the management of the organization. Human resource management helps an organization to develop strategies that will assess the various needs of its employees, and thereafter develop methods that will make these employees view their positions as part of their everyday responsibilities (Fudge, 2012). On this bas is, human resource management is a very important element in an organization because it creates loyalty amongst the employees of the organization improving their efficiency in their work place. ... For instance, the company has a human resource department, which is charged with the responsibility of identifying talented individuals to work within the company (Chang, 2012). The company has a human resource development center, which is tasked with the responsibility of training its employees on how to meet the objectives of the organization. The center is also responsible for developing the skills of the various employees that the company employs. This is for purposes of ensuring that these skills are effectively utilized within the company (Fudge, 2012). The human resource development center is also responsible for identifying the various needs of the company’s employees, and methods of satisfying those needs. This is because the aim of this process is to create loyalty amongst its employees; as a result there will be an increased efficiency in their roles. Chang (2012) observes that the company has a reward system, where employees are recognized for their performances, a nd rewarded by the organization. The rewards can either be monetary, or take the form of promotions within the organization. As a result of this policy, the employees of the organization are always working hard, with the hope of getting a promotion, or a reward. These human resource strategies by Samsung have made the company to be one of the leading electronic companies in the world. Part B: Samsung Group is a company from South Korea, with a global presence. The head quarter of the company is in Seoul, in a town referred to as Samsung. Samsung has an interest in the food processing sector, the electronics industry, insurance, and the retail industry. In 1987, the company operated under four business groups which are the Hansol

Reagans War on Drugs Essay Example for Free

Reagans War on Drugs Essay The phrase â€Å"sex, drugs, and rock and roll† held true to its well-earned spot in 1970’s and 1980’s society. With a new, looser culture, explicit music, raunchy and rambunctious movies as well as a societal focus on many things immoral, it was an era of challenging social norms. As the use of recreational and psychoactive drugs, as well as alcohol, increased, a new problem arose; how does law enforcement and the government undo the damage being made by this new society? Laws were passed, bureaus and commissions were formed, and the President of the United States began what he called â€Å"The War on Drugs†. Over the years, some of these solutions have proven to make some impact. The initiation, tactics, and attempts at dealing a major blow to drug abuse have all affected the way America sees drugs today. A new type of warfare had made its way into the country, and after all these years, it has made its fair share of positive and negative effects. â€Å"Just say no. † (Reagan Declares War on Drugs, 1982). This was one of the many scare tactics used in America’s new war on drugs. The president needed to construct a plan to detract the public eye from drugs’ fame. Nancy Reagan was equally as adamant about keeping America safe and clean. She traveled to and spoke at many schools, enforcing the idea of simply refusing the temptation of drugs. Before the Reagan’s began their wartime, Richard Nixon introduced his own ‘war’ on drugs, stating, â€Å"America’s public enemy number one is drug abuse. In order to fight and defeat this enemy, it is necessary to wage a new, all-out offensive. † (Remarks About an Intensified Program for Drug Abuse Prevention, 1971). This mindset was yet another strategy used to make America energized and willing to fight this war. Nixon passed the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act in the 1970’s as a way to keep a constant eye on the drug industry. This act required the pharmaceutical industry to maintain physical security and strict record keeping for certain types of drugs. When Reagan became president he gave a speech, announcing, â€Å"We are taking down the surrender flag that has flown over so many drug efforts; we’re running up a battle flag. † (Reagan’s ‘War on Drugs’ Speech, 1981). America’s first clear attack on the use of drugs was verbal – this strategy temporarily affected the country, but more had to be done to combat this enemy. The United States and its’ presidents had to take a fighting stance if they wanted to decrease drug abuse. One of the first instances of this was President Nixon’s Operation Intercept. Announced even before the official ‘war’ on drugs began – in September 1969 – this campaign focused on reducing the amount of cannabis entering the United States from Mexico. Following this effort, the United States government funded the controversial Methadone Maintenance Program. Methadone Maintenance treatment, a program in which addicted individuals receive daily doses of methadone, was developed as part of a broad, multicomponent treatment program. † (Center for Disease Control, 2002). After Nixon’s trials and failures, President Carter went at the fight with a different, looser approach. Carter called for the decriminalization of marijuana. With a less vicious outlook, Carter believed that the punishment of a crime should not be more brutal than that said crime. President Carter’s tactic proved unworthy, as while he was in office, use of cocaine increased dramatically. Finally, as Reagan took center stage and stepped into presidential office, he kept a strong belief against this criminal act. Reagan created the Office of National Drug Control Policy to eradicate illicit drug use, manufacturing and trafficking of drugs, as well as put an end to drug related violence and crimes. Reagan put policies in place to strengthen his deadly grasp on drug-ridden society. He required mandatory minimum prison sentences for drug dealers – a policy he initiated in hopes of making drugs seem less glamorous and infinitely more criminal. He began the South Florida Task Force, which dealt with the increase of drug trafficking in Southern Florida. This force worked hand in hand with the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) and the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI). Operation Swordfish was put in place by the DEA to attack international drug organizations. â€Å"The operation was dubbed operation swordfish because it was intended to snare the ‘big fish’ in drug trade. † (Drug Enforcement Agency, Operation Swordfish, 1980). Vice President George H. W. Bush began insisting that the CIA and U. S. Military become involved in drug interdiction efforts. The Drug-Free Media Campaign Act of 1988 was passed in hopes to convince America’s youth and future generations to stray away from drugs. After all of these battles, did America finally win this war? â€Å"The U. S. Federal Government spent over $15 billion in 2010 on the War on Drugs, a rate of about $500 per second. † (The Budgetary Impact of Drug Prohibition, 2010). This is a sign that perhaps Reagan’s War on Drugs wasn’t quite as effective as he had so hoped. The United States today has the highest incarceration rate and prison population of any country in the world. This is provided in part by the amount of arrests and incarcerations due to drug sentencing guidelines and policies. â€Å"In the 1980’s, while the number of arrests for all crimes had risen by 28%, the number of arrests for drug offenses rose 126%. † (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2010). This did not specifically mean that there were more drug-related crimes, but that law enforcement had simply cracked down on the arrests of said crimes. In comparison, Time Magazine’s study states, â€Å"Drug convictions went from 15 inmates per 100,000 adults in 1980 to 148 in 1996, an almost tenfold increase. More than half of Americas federal inmates today are in prison on drug convictions. In 2009 alone, 1. 66 million Americans were arrested on drug charges†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Time Magazine, 2012). While this war on drugs may still be in effect, it may have positive outcomes for further in the future. As for the time being, America has two main stances on the subject: some call for further reparations in the war on drugs, while others believe the war is unsuccessful, and the focus needs to be shifted to more important and dire issues. The War on Drugs has failed. † (19 Member Commission, June 2, 2011). In another instance, a poll was taken throughout the country, and its results, â€Å"three in four Americans believe that the War on Drugs is failing. † (October 2008 Poll). Suggestions of decriminalization have been made by many. The legalization of drugs is claimed to have many positive effects on the country as a whole, including positive economic effects. While this ‘war’ on drugs started off as a full-fledged attack on all users and distributors of illegal narcotics, it seems to have transformed into a war against itself: will continuing these attacks help the country, or will allowing certain, less harmful drugs to be legal prove to be a more reasonable solution? â€Å"Legalizing drugs would save taxpayers $76. 8 billion a year in the United States $44. 1 billion from law enforcement savings, and at least $32. 7 billion in tax revenue†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Harvard Study by Jeffrey A. Miron, 2008). In addition, the policies put into effect by Nixon and Reagan may ave had a positive impact on crime in the United States, but it may not have been in the way they had wished. â€Å"Drugs got enormously cheaper so users didn’t have to hit as many old ladies over the head and steal their pocketbooks. † (Travis Wendel, â€Å"More Drugs, Less Crime†, 2010). Murders, robberies and other violent crimes seemed to decline as the price of drugs went down – could this happen if drugs were legalized as well? America in this day and age has a vast amount of governmental and international issues in desperate need of resolution – is drug control still one of them? The United States of America is a country known by many as ‘land of the free’, but does this mean that its citizens should be allowed to participate in activities such as drug use with such a negative connotation? Did Reagan’s War on Drugs really make an effective impact on the way America sees drugs today? The answer to that question is this – while his tactics may not have worked the way he had desired, America as a whole has indeed seen less drug related crime. This does not mean it does not exist, nor does it mean that by legalizing drugs will solve all of the country’s problems. What this does mean is that Reagan’s war on drugs did not put an end to drug use, but it just may have opened America’s eyes to more clear and present danger. While drugs are in no way going to solve America’s problems, the once War on Drugs may now need to be adjusted to a name more fitting. A War on Crime as a whole perhaps? A War on Drug Related Violence? Reagan had the correct idea, now the country can put it into proper use. His War was not an end all war, but it just may have been enough to enhance America as a whole.

Great Depression Impact on US

Great Depression Impact on US This investigation will investigate how the Great Depression affected the United States in their economy during the second half of the 20th century. This investigation will be conducted by first analyzing the involvement of the United States in their economy a decade before the Great Depression in order to provide an understanding of the state of the United States prior to the Great Depression. U.S. involvement in their economy will also be evaluated during the time period of the Great Depression to determine the immediate effects. Finally, the participation of the United States in their economy during the second half of the 20th century will be examined in order to observe the more long-term effects of the Great Depression. These three different time periods will provide an overall understanding of how events transpired and their outcomes. Summary of Evidence U.S. involvement in their economy before the Great Depression (primarily 1920s) Before the Great Depression, the United States was one of the many industrialized countries that followed the gold standard. The gold standard measured the value of a dollar. It enabled countries to conduct trade and exchange their products because everyone followed the same monetary system. In order to sustain the value of a dollar, countries had to follow the same system; however, as the Great Depression neared, countries began to leave the system of the gold standard because of various reasons such as possessing an economy that is unable to keep up with the system. For instance, after the First World War, Germanys economy was no longer able to continue on because of the debt that they owed. In the case of the United States, the Federal Reserve decided to sustain stability internationally rather than focus on the prosperity of their country.  [1]   U.S. involvement in their economy during the Great Depression During the 1920s and the beginning of the 1930s, there were two large groups who competed with one another in order to control the United States foreign economic policy.  [2]  The Hoover Republicans chose to support manufacturers who made up the relatively smaller and more moderately sized part of the manufacturers in the United States.  [3]  By doing so, they caused the government to neglect the larger manufacturers during the time of the Hoover administration; however, once the Roosevelt administration came into power, there was a change in the tariff policy. In 1934, the Congressed formed the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934 in accordance to the needs of the Presidents Executive position.  [4]   U.S. involvement in their economy after the Great Depression The United States was having difficulty continuing to follow a monetary policy that followed a gold standard. Eventually, during the early 1970s, the country finally stopped following the gold standard. The United States was increasing their monetary policy at a speed that made them unable to follow the gold standard of the time. Soon, the United States was unable to internationally use gold anymore since they have deterred away from the gold standard. Essentially, abandonment of gold did not lead to expansionary monetary policy and inflation, rather, expansionary policy and inflation forced the abandonment of gold.  [5]   Evaluation of Sources The World Economy between the World Wars written by Charles H. Feinstein, Peter Temin, and Gianni Toniolo examine the Great Depression in relation to the financial crisis that is experienced by many countries across the world such as Germany, Britain, and the United States. Feinstein, Temin, and Toniolo examine the causes leading up to the Great Depression. They also examine the effects of the Great Depression and the improvement of the economy after it was hit by the Great Depression. The focus of this book is to further understand the interrelated financial issues among several of the worlds leading countries during the 1920s. Federal Reserve System: Background, Analyses and Bibliography by George B. Grey examines the Federal Reserve of the United States. The author focuses primarily of the institution referred to as the Federal Reserve. He breaks down the actions and non-actions of the Federal Reserve System which provides a comprehensive critical analysis on its causes and effects on the United States economy. This is a limitation because other institutions in the United States are not addressed as well. The author inserts many of his opinions and deductions throughout the piece. For example, Essentially, abandonment of gold did not lead to expansionary monetary policy and inflation, rather, expansionary policy and inflation forced the abandonment of gold.  [6]   Analysis U.S. involvement in their economy before the Great Depression (primarily 1920s) The actions of the Federal Reserve resulted in an increase of deflation and decline in the economy. Their actions demonstrate more concern held for upholding international needs before domestic ones. Before the Great Depression, the United States had entered the First World War in April of 1917. They had practiced isolationism until the United States could no longer stand by and watch on the sidelines any longer. This leads to the question of which is more important, supporting the country or supporting the international balance. After being exposed to the international issues that occurred as a result of the First World War, the United States felt as though they should support any international issues from the start of the problem before it escalades and ends up hurting their economy even more. U.S. involvement in their economy during the Great Depression Alterations to the trade policy were made in order to accommodate the executive power since the power of the president was expanding. Since this act was passed during Roosevelts presidency, the president was able to negotiate with other countries in order to reduce tariffs. The changes made from the Hoover Republicans to the Roosevelt Democrats resulted in an inconsistency of the government. During Hoovers time in power, he had allowed Congress to increase the rates of tariffs to points that could be dangerous to the United States. Roosevelt on the other hand had worked alongside with Congress in order to ensure lower tariffs by creating a trade policy that would allow so. By doing so, the barriers set to the United States trade would primarily be decided by the President. Overall, this inconsistency would negatively affect the United States economy because of the constant shift in policies. During this time period, the government actions towards the economy appeared to be indecisive . After the Great Depression hit, it was difficult for the one in presidency to determine the best strategy of recovering the economy. U.S. involvement in their economy after the Great Depression The United States switched their system of currencies since the current one no longer allowed them to conduct effective transactions. Many of the previous standards and systems that the United States had once followed no longer worked for them. The public primarily stopped using gold in 1933 which was about during the time of the Great Depression; however, it was not until 1971 and 1973 that the United States had finally ended any relationship it had with gold for good. A positive aspect of abandoning the gold standard was saving the country from following a system that their current state could no longer follow; however, a negative factor is that it made international business more difficult. This could harm the economy because it limits those that they can conduct business with. People are only able to conduct transactions when they provide the equivalent or sufficient funds which can only be conducted if all parties involved follow an international system of currency. Conclusion In conclusion, the Great Depression negatively affected the United States involvement in their economy. The Great Depression broke the confidence of the American people as well as their leaders. The future of their economy was unclear and shaky strategies were used in order to attempt to recover. After the Great Depression, the United States government sought to remove systems that did not work for them in order to protect the country from any possible complications that could arise in the economy. After the Great Depression, the United States were more careful in what could stay and what had to go. List of Sources Feinstein, C. H., Peter Temin, and Gianni Toniolo. The World Economy between the World Wars. New York: Oxford UP, 2008. Print. Grey, George B. Federal Reserve System: Background, Analyses and Bibliography. Huntington, NY: Nova Science, 2002. Print. Ikenberry, G. John., David A. Lake, and Michael Mastanduno. The State and American Foreign Economic Policy. Pastor, Robert A. Congress and the Politics of U. S. Foreign Economic Policy 1929-1976 McCormick, Thomas J. Americas Half-century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and after.

Causes of the French Revolution

Causes of the French Revolution Revolutions are not simply actions committed from impulses, rather, they are a set of protests to express disagreements with the current society. This was the case of the French Revolution. Around the 18th century, British colonists in North America accused England for unequal treatments. Inspired by Enlightenment ideas, Americans overthrew the British power and created a republic. Driven by the successful American Revolution and the new ideas of liberty and equality, the French were inspired to do the same with the ruling royalty and to establish a new political order. This was mainly because France continued the system of the â€Å"Old Regime†, a type of feudal system where the king held absolute power. Under the Old Regime, there was an unequal distribution of wealth and rights of citizens. In addition, the enormously high prices of life necessities were also critical because many people had barely enough to eat and live. Consequently, the observed of Enlightenment ideas an d witness of American Revolution’s success, disparity in wealth and rights of the citizen, in addition of corruption in the ruling royalty’s power over government inspired the occurrence of the French Revolution. Among one of the factors that had played into the French Revolution was the philosophical view of human right and government structure. At the Age of Reason, many philosophers created new ideas about the government and questioned the basic rights of all humans. Such ideas influenced the French Revolution. There were three major enlightenment thinkers, and they were John Locke, Montesquieu and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Locke was an English philosopher who witnessed political turmoil in England during the 17th century. One of his most influential ideas on French Revolution was the equality of human and the three natural rights, which are life, liberty and property. In France, serfs and peasants didn’t have the same rights as aristocracy because they didn’t enjoy the same freedoms and property that the wealthy population enjoyed. Furthermore, they made up 80 percent of the population (Kreis). Thus, they were unsatisfied with their unequal rights. In addition, the â€Å"bourg eoisie†, or the middle class, could be as rich as the some nobles because the bourgeoisie were the people to get engaged in trades and a variety of businesses that helped them to gain a good amount of wealth and influence the French economy. However, the bourgeoisies were still considered as commoners because their statuses in society were not heritable as nobilities (Kreis). Consequently, the bourgeoisies wished the government to open more positions to base on the individual’s merits. But it was impossible to do this under the Old Regime due to the huge differences in social classes and privileges. Hence, the commoners, including both peasants and bourgeois, were inspired to revolt from the new philosophical ideas that were widely spread and accepted of the individual human rights. In addition, Montesquieu published The Spirit of the Laws in 1783 and claimed the best government was a kind of constitutional monarchy, which was a monarchy that shared its political powers with another governing power. Consequently, Montesquieu suggested that France should model this kind of government in order to achieve the same success as England did. With this form of government Montesquieu suggested the sharing of sovereignty with the aristocracy. Hence, his view didn’t represent the whole population of the country, including the bourgeoisie and peasants. (The French Revolution: Ideas and Ideologies). The king also rejected the sharing of power, so it was considered as an impractical solution. However, Montesquieu had made an essential influence on the French Revolution with this new idea of sovereignty, which was expressed in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. The clause three stated that no individual could exercise the power of controlling over others. Another Enlightenment philosopher, Rousseau, however proposed the idea of self-ruling and direct democracy. The idea stated all citizens have the equality to participate in politics (MacAdam). According to an authority of philosophical studies, Jim MacAdam, concluded Rousseau impacted French Revolution by the idea of human equality. This was because the proposal of self-ruling outlined the equality among all citizens to have the rights participating the affairs of the nation. The idea that the general population could participate in politics was also deeply appealing because compared to clergies and nobilities at the time, commoners had no social status, privileges, and rights to manage political affairs. Inspired by the idea of equality in politics from Montesquieu and Rousseau, the commoners were inspired to take actions to fight for their political freedom. Combining the ideas proposed by philosophers and American Revolution, the French was very inspired to create a revolution in the overall societal structure. During the 17th century, America was a colony to the Great Britain. Unfair treatment such as over-taxation and a monarchal government, spurred the American Revolution (Mackey), so that they could fight for freedom, liberty and reasonable taxation (Emerich, Dalberg, Acton). Observing the Americans, the French commoners also wished to have the equal freedom and liberty that they gained. Due to the similar reasons in France and America, it provided a suitable explanation to start a revolution. Moreover, Paris was the origin the enlighten ideas, so it was easy for revolutionary ideas to spread around France and the French people. Hence, the new idea for equality promoted action to commence a revolution in France. In addition, the poor economic condition provided a demonstrated factor to revolt. The poor economic condition in France included accumulated debts and issues of the deregulatory market of grain after a drought in 1788. As a participant of the Seven Years War and American War of Independence, huge debts were accumulated in order to fund armies. The assistance to the American Revolution had built up the debt in France to 13 billion livres (Schiff). Hence, the French government was bankrupted. However, England, also a participant of both wars, was able to manage the financial problems brought by the wars (Karan). The financial problems in France were not as manageable as England due to the lack of advisers and the inefficient tax collecting system (Smith). Since France was still controlled by an absolute monarchy, who believed in absolute control, most decisions, including economical decisions, were only made by the monarchy alone. Without others advisors to suggest practical solutions , the financial problems were hard to improve solely with decisions from the monarchy. In addition, the tax collecting system was also unsuitable, because the monarch gave power to local officials to collect taxes (Smith), which caused some corrupt officials seize the tax money for themselves, rather than turning the money back to the state. Thus this made the financial problems even more difficult to resolve, because there was no taxation money into the state, so the debt was unable to be paid off. Apart from economical issues, the agriculture in France suffered a deadly blow. A devastating drought in 1788 caused peasants to have difficulty maintaining their health mainly due to lack of food caused from the lack of growth of grain. The failure of grain growth resulted the increased pricing on bread, because bread was made from the grain. Bread was a daily staple in France, so peasants couldn’t live without bread (The French Revolution: The causes of the revolution). However, due to the drought in 1788, the prices of bread inflated. The portion of income spent on bread thus increased eighty-eight percent, compared to fifty percent before the drought (Walinger). In addition to the increase in bread prices, the peasants also had to pay taxes, which created unsatisfactory living conditions for many peasants. There was also an unequal societal structure in France at this time, because the Old Regime divided French social structure unequally. The monarch held all power of the state and there was no parliament in France. Around 1770 to 1780, Louis XVI was in charge of the throne. However, he wasn’t prepared to become king, because he was too shy and irresponsible (Louis XVI biography). Also because France was controlled under an absolute monarchy instead of a constitutional monarchy, most decisions were based on the monarch himself. However, the monarch wasn’t fully considerate of the whole nation due to lack of consideration from Louis XVI. For instance, Louis XVI’s construction of the palace of Versailles wasted over seven to ten percent of the national treasury (Smith), which had put more stress on the treasury from the debts created the American Revolution and the Seven Years Wars. To resolve the debt problems in France became a critical issue, so Louis XVI turned toward the â€Å"Third Estate† that generated most of the country’s income. The Old Regime was divided into three Estates. The First was composed of clergy, the Second of the nobility and the Third of the commoners, which comprised of 25 million people. Because this social structure was based on customs and traditions, it created inequalities in law (Keris). For instance, although the Third Estate formed 80 percent of the French population, including the bourgeoisie who owned 25 percent of the land, they only held one vote in the Estate General (a general meeting of the three Estates). (Unit 4: French Revolution Napoleon). Compared to the other two Estates, this was generally not fair. The First Estate owned ten to fifteen percent of land in France and constantly received tithe and did not pay taxes. The Second Estate owned thirty percent of the land and they usually get their wealth fr om rents from the peasants who lived on their land. However, the people of the poor Third Estate used their little income to live and pay taxes to the Church, monarchy and landowners (Keris). Compared to the First and Second Estates, the people of the Third Estate were extremely unsatisfied with unequal privileges, heavy taxes, and inequality on voting rights in the Estate General. The French Revolution was a remarkable event on French history, and it was created mainly from new ideas of Enlightenment philosophers, enormous economic problems, and inequality of rights, which were also observed from the success of the American Revolution. Moreover, the economic problem resulted over taxation and the raised of the daily staple created an unsatisfied living condition for the peasants. In addition, the failure of the ruling monarch, such as the fact that the monarch managed all decisions of the state without putting the population into consideration and unwillingness to adapt to new form of political structure. Works Cited Cranston, Maurice. â€Å"The French Revolution: Ideas and Ideologies.† History Today, HistoryToday Ltd., 5 May 1989. Web. 3 Dec. 2014. Choi, Insun. â€Å"Economic problem that caused French Revolution.† KIS World History. n.p., 26 Oct. 2009. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. Emerich, John. Dalberg, Edward. Acton, Lord. â€Å"Lectures on the French Revolution: The Influence of America†. Google online book. Google, Mar. 30 2006. Web. 3 Dec. 2014. The French Revolution. Go Social Studies Go. n.p., n.d. Web. 20 May 2015. Karan, Priya. â€Å"Economic Causes of The French Revolution: Debt.† Suite.com. n.p., n.d. Web. 3 Mar. 2015. Kerise, Steven. â€Å"Lecture 11: The Origins of the French Revolution.† Historyguide.org. The History Guide, 30 Oct. 2006. Web. 28 Sep. 2014. â€Å"Louis XVI biography.† Bastille-day. n.p., 1 July. 2012, Web. 28 Sep. 2014. MacAdam, Jim. â€Å"Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the Revolution.† Montreal Symposium. n.p., 28 May 1989. Web. 3 Dec. 2014. â€Å"Marie Antoinette biography.† Bastille-day. n.p., 1 July. 2012. Web. 28 Sep. 2014. Mackey, Richard. â€Å"American Revolution Influences of the French Revolution†. Google online book. Google, n.d. Web. 3 Dec. 2014. Prest, William. â€Å"The French Revolution, Locke and Rousseau. † HubPages. n.p., 31 Jan 2013. Web. 10 Mar. 2015. Smith, Nicole. â€Å"France’s Pre-revolutionary Financial Crisis: The Lead-up to the French Revolution.† Article Pyramid. n.p., 7 Dec. 2011. Web 10 Mar. 2015. Waldinger, Maria. â€Å"Drought and the French Revolution: The Effects of Adverse Weather Conditions on Peasant Revolts in 1789.† Academia.edu, n.p., 7 Oct. 2013. Web. 16 Nov. 2014.

Multiculturalism In Canada :: Immigration, Ethnic Diversity

Canadian Multiculturalism, Same as it ever Was? (an essay by Kathleen Hoyos) Abstract: After the Second World War ended, Canada was no longer mainly composed of its two dominant ethnocultural groups, French and English, but rather constituted by polyethnicity; meaning, Canadian culture was made up of many different ethnic groups. Since then, Canada has actively embraced multiculturalism and on 12 July 1988, the House of Commons passed Bill C-93, ‘An Act for the preservation and enhancement of multiculturalism in Canada’. The Canadian multicultural experience has been much portrayed as a celebration of ethnicity where different cultural groups share their customs and learn from each other. However, it is recently being rumoured that the multiculturalism hype is not all it is cut out to be and segregates communities rather than integrate. According to Canadian authors Keith Banting and Will Kymlicka, â€Å"in much of the world and particularly in Europe, there is a widespread perception that multiculturalism has failed† (44). In this paper, I examine some recent common issues of concern, especially, racism and discrimination, through the literary expression of Canadian playwrights and writers such as George F. Walker, Cecil Foster, and Mordecai Richler. These writers are not meant to represent any ethnic group as a whole, but rather try to project a general feeling about the nation in individual ways. I will finally explore the idea of how perhaps multiculturalism in Canada is evolving into another state since migratory patterns and the social circumstances that Canada is facing in the 21st century have changed. Today, the idea of celebrating different ethnicities and customs is no longer as important as celebrating the transcultural or â€Å"transnational† aspects of relations between individuals and groups of immigrants. Keywords: multiculturalism, transnationalism, transnational literature The use of Multiculturalism, as a term, within the Canadian perspective, is best stated

Prostitution in 18th Century England Essay example -- European History

Prostitution in 18th Century England "Miss B____rn. No. l 8 Old Compton Street, Soho Close in the arms she languishingly lies With dying looks, short breath, and wishing eyes. This accomplished nymph has just attained her eighteenth year, and fraught with every perfection, enters a volunteer in the field of Venus. She plays on the pianofort, sings, dances, and is mistress of every Maneuver in the amorous contest that can enhance the coming pleasure; is of the middle stature, fine auburn hair, dark eyes and very inviting countenance, which ever seems to beam delight and love. In bed she is all the heart can wish, or eyes admires every limb is symmetry, every action under cover truly amorous; her price two pounds." (Maccubbin 63) The above is an excerpt from Harris's List of Covent Garden Ladies, a listing of prostitutes published annually, and primarily aimed at the wealthy, as one might suppose from the rather exorbitant fee charged by the above Miss B___ rn. This particular biography is from the 1788 edition. Not all prostitutes were this expensive though. Some of the more "common" tarts available in London could be had for a shilling or two (Maccubbin). Prostitution, in the eighteenth century, was perhaps as close as it has ever been to being an acceptable livelihood. The crusading, abolishing Puritans had been hushed up, at least a little, and the emphasis shifted to the economic reality of trying, as a woman, to support oneself in the harsh climate of London. London's primary industry was wealthy people (Maccubbin 61), and the best, and sometimes only, way to make money was to entice said wealthy people to spend their money. Being a prostitute was really the most economically viable option. Working as a seamstre... ... up on the subject for this paper, and Goodness gracious, hidden amongst ridiculous numbers of capital letters is some rather graphic stuffy which I, in my naivete? was shocked had been written so far before the 20th century. History is not so prudish as many would have one think. Anyway, my overall point is simply that prostitution was an acceptable, and often recorded way of life in the 18th century, though things got, of course, more restrained as the century wore on and the spectre of Queen Victoria began to loom large and repressed in the age to come. Also, at this time, there was not as much medical data regarding just what venereal diseases could do to someone, and once people began to realize the effects, they began to exercise a little restraint. But, for most of the century, the ladies of the evening enjoyed a profitable and almost respectable business.

Yusef Komunyakaa’s “Tu Do Street” and “Camouflaging the Chimera”

Both â€Å"Tu Do Street† and â€Å"Camouflaging the Chimera† express the negotiation of racial boundaries in a new, unfamiliar environment where barriers are at once more rigid and flexible. While the speaker addresses the boundaries that exist between black and white soldiers, particularly in Tu Do Street, he also explores the relationship between himself and the Viet Cong.As an African-American soldier, the speaker feels isolated from his white counterparts, even in times of leisure. The music that â€Å"divides the evening,† (Tu Do Street, 1) is sung by white singers (Hank Snow, 7, and Hank Williams, 12) and the speaker is passed over at the bar in favor of â€Å"white face[s],† (12). While interactions between black and white take place in a more illicit realm (black & white/soldiers touch the same lovers/minutes apart,† 28-30), the speaker also probes the hidden connections between the soldiers and their enemies: â€Å"Back in the bush at Dak T o/& Khe Sanh, we fought/the brothers of these women/we now hold in our arms,† (23-26).By exploring the dichotomy between loving and killing, to disparate concepts in both action and feeling, the speaker calls into question the human nature behind war and labeling the enemy by the color of his flesh.  In â€Å"Camouflaging the Chimera,† the connections between the Americans and the VC are further established. While the distinctions between black and white are largely abandoned, as Drew and Tyler mentioned (the narrator is â€Å"We,† not â€Å"I†), the speaker focuses on the similarities between the American soldiers and their Vietnamese enemies. While â€Å"painting our faces & rifles/with mud† (2-3) functions to equalize the American soldiers in skin color, it also serves as an equalizing force between the Americans and the VC.Through the poem, the VC are described with terms of darkness, literally as â€Å"dark-hearted songbirds,† (14), â €Å"rock apes,† (16) and â€Å"black silk† (24). This imagery works, on one level, to paint the enemy in a dark, negative light. On another level, however, it aligns the VC with the speaker, a black soldier. The final lines of the poem (â€Å"as a world revolved/under each man’s eyelid,† 30-31) distills the speaker’s understanding of the human aspect of war, as he acknowledges that each man, black or white or Vietnamese, has his own experience and history, and that each man is as much an individual as part of an army.In agreeing with Kris’s assertion that the speaker, at times, tries to cross the boundary of race between black and white soldiers, I think the speaker is more broadly concerned with narrowing the division between all who fight against each other in any arena—black and white in matters of race, American and Vietnamese in matters of war—in order to shed light on their shared humanity.

Migration from Mexico to united states

Migration is a subject that is shadowervas on all levels when dealing with macrocosm and its idiosyncrasies. In order to assure migration we mustiness understand the various components involved in migration, including internal migration, external migration, immigration and both refugees and Internally Displaced Persons. We must attempt to understand the reasons to migrate and how laws assume the various forms of migration and if thither would be solutions to this practice of migration. The objective is to reckon the problems, the solutions and the reasoning freighter migration as a whole.In order to understand the reasons behind migration of large number we must first shape the various components of migration. Migration refers to the movement of an individual from his or her home democracy, also know as the source sphere to another country as his or her destination. The two principal(prenominal) movements are involved include immigration and transportation.Immigration would be the movement of individuals into a country. Emigration is the movement of individuals from their home country. The labyrinthine sense between emigration and immigration would be known as net migration and this can be both positive or negative. Positive would be when immigration exceeds emigration and negative would be the reverse of that process. (Kar, 2006, 187) there are many different influences and consequences proportional to migration for anyone that moves from where they originated. Factors that would stick out to do with migration include the sparing growth and development of the country that people are leaving, specifically GDP, the level of house servant development, and finally income and quality of life at heart the countries.Another two concomitantors include how change an area would be and variations in that reflection along with levels of education that would in fact be available for children across the country of origin in place of dislocated area s. Occasionally, the marrow of US influence on a country can either adversely or conversely affect the amount of migration.We see this today as we build walls along the US and Mexican border. We see it in the denials for migrants that are launching this country from all over the beingness as the numbers increase exponentially. The US has gone so far as to create the Homeland Security shoes to ensure that human trafficking is policed, and have created freshly laws to create fencing between the US and Mexican border to prevent to a greater extent immigrants from entering the country illegally.An attempt at appeasement for Mexico in regard to what was known as the bill to create a guest worker program failed in gaining the necessary acceptance. (Fletcher, 2003, 343) Migration from Mexico has generated a sizeable Mexican-born existence in the United States. Mexican estimates opine this population in the range of 8 to 8.5 million, of which the non-authorized component is estimated between 3 and 3.5 million. The US Census Bureau estimates that there are more than nine million Mexican immigrants living in the United States. Of these, more or less 4.7 million, or over half, are undocumented. However, some 1.6 million, or one in five dollar bill Mexicans, are naturalized US citizens (MPI, 2002, 1). economy and policing will only go so far in slowing the amount of migration. Force rarely facilitates the ability to have residents of one country to remain in that country and there have been no recent incentives to have many of them occlusive in their own countries. The US whitethorn provide assistance, and this may actually annihilate up causing further migration in place of bringing a hold in to it. Aid is not always the answer, unless that aid is universal in content glide slope from many donors in place of one.ReferencesFletcher, R (2003) Beliefs and Knowledge Believing and Knowing Howard & Price.Kar, P (2006) History and related application of Migration Dasgupta & Chatterjee.Migration constitution Institute (MPI). (2002) Mexico A Crucial Crossroads. Retrieved 1/9/2007

Micromax Mobile : How to Increase Market Share

Consumer buying demeanor constitution Micromax wide awake ph integritys By Mansi Choksey Roll no. 19 PGDM Marketing w ar elect Micromax peregrine visits Issue to be turn to How to ontogeny Market fate accentuate on the beau monde Micromax Mobile take no introduction today. Just devil historic period back people were non awargon ofthe brandat on the whole in solely tho today its Indias third abundant-m starthedst energetic trade friendship by volume after Nokia and Samsung (IDC Report). discolourations success hindquarters be attri nonwithstandinged to its ability to understand the consume of the commercialize , belligerent merchandise with a cypher of Rs. 00 crore and smart distribution channelmanagement. Its iodine of the leading Indian tele confabulation Companies with 23 domestic offices across the acres and external offices in Hong Kong, USA, Dubai and nowa eld in Nepal. With a futuristic visual sensation and an exhaustive R&type AD at its h elm, Micromax has successfully generated cornerst wizardal technologies that slang revolutionised the telecommunication consumerspace. As per IDC report Micromax dis move LG to become third largest sellmobile handset come within india with a commercialize sh ar of 6%.Nokia is market leader with 62% sh be and Samsung is on second place with 8% market shell out. The tele foreboder today sells to a greater extent than a million handsets a calendar calendar month and is now a Rs. 1600 cr worth brand. The come with has presence in to a greater extent(prenominal) than than 500 districts and 90,000retail outlets. The company started its Mobile handset business in 2008 and the dispute was to establish an identity in a market dominated by volumed MNCs Like Nokia,Samsung,LG and Motorola. Today Micromax has become a brand which people relate and pick up up to for realizing their individual device preferences and opposite out-of-the-box solutions.Micromax, is now churning out 1 million ph adepts a month. Micromax is on a mission to successfully e veryplacecome the technological barriers and constantly engender life enhancing solutions. The companys vision is to develop path-breaking technologies and efficient processes that incubate crudeer markets, pep up customer aspirations and continue to feature Micromax a trusted market leader amongst people. Micromax founders Rajesh Agarwal handles company finances Sumeet Arora chief technology officeholder Vikas jain handles alliances with early(a) companiesRahul Sharma risk taker with the defective topics 4 Ps of marketing for Micromax mobiles 1. Product Micromax has been quite effective in the marking a difference with al roughly every harvest-home that it launched. The range that they lose covered varies quite a large variety. Right from the handsets with 30 age shelling backup, dual SIM, handsets switching networks (GSM -CDMA) using somberness sensors, aspirational QWERTY keypad handsets to op erator branded 3G handsets to the intimately exciting OMH CDMA Handsets, etcetera Every harvest-home of Micromax had the potential to grab the attention of media as ell as the consumers in a market which is al vigorous flooded with mobile telephone set handsets and a launch is there in every day or two. 2. expense Micromax specialized in entry-level and mid-segment handsets tolld between Rs1,800 and Rs2,400 when it started selling the devices in 2008, confining itself to small t earns and awkward argonas in the origin 12-18 months. Encouraged by its success, the loaded expanded to larger cities and now has a distribution network of 55,000 retailers, which it plans to exceed up to 70,000 by the end of establish as part of its system to make trades to 1. million handsets a month. 3. coiffe Micromax is one of the leading Indian Telecom Companies with 23 domestic offices across the country and international offices in Hong Kong, USA, Dubai and now in Nepal. Micromax has invested Rs speed of light crore to set up a botany in Baddi in Himachal Pradesh as it facial expressions outsourcing manufacturing totally leaves the door open for tack on-side uncertainties. Production testament be scaled up from an initial 50,000 per month. If everything goes right, by the third phase in March 2011, the Baddi appoint impart be making rough 500,000 handsets, Jain said.If the install isnt able to cope with the numbers, the pullout plan is to acquire a easiness in South Korea, Taiwan or China, he added. 4. Promotion Having gained traction, Micromax is overly working(a) on a strategy to draw sensation in the metros, which includes tying up with MTV for co-branded phones. Micromax has also tied up with a Bollywood celebrity AKSHAY KUMAR as brand embassador. Micromax has also tied up some fine big brands homogeneous Yamaha for enhancing their audio experiences and the X360 comes with an MTV stigmatisation and exclusive content.It is utilizing the in tegrated market communication tools like sponsoring chargets ( play match and film awards), advertize through hoardings, TV, radio etc very effectively. With a 360 degree advertising and marketing strategy sketched out, the company has an optimistic outlook for the telecom consumer space. Currently present in more than 40,000 stores across the country, the company plans to have an aggressive market incursion to reach out to its customers through 70,000 operational stores in the recoverer year The following tools of IMC are cosmos use by MicromaxEvents and experiences For marketing of its products the company is riding on two support Indian obsessionssports and filmsto build its brand. Following up on its association with the popular Twenty20 cricket Indian Premier League (IPL), Micromax, a brand that is less than three years old, has become the title sponsor of almost all tournaments and series of which India is a part, including the lately concluded Asia Cup, the forthcomin g India-Sri Lanka Test series and the India-New Zealand-Sri Lanka tri-series in August.The objective behind the cricket roadblock, as much(prenominal) port is termed in advertising, is to drive brand awareness and recall. The company believes that while cricket whitethorn boost a brand instantly, viewing interview may still non mobilise the brand after the match or the tournament. Even if consumers remember a series, they may not remember the laborrs. Thats when they thought of a roadblock and decided to sponsor all cricketing properties post IPL. Bollywood is also a major platform for the brand, which is targeting consumers between 18 and 27 years.Bollywoods most bankable star Akshay Kumar was sign on as the brand ambassador six months ago. More recently, his wife blink Khanna was engaged to promote Micromaxs bling phone that comes with Swarovski crystals and a vanity mirror. To push its association with films, the firm also sponsored the IIFA (International Indian Film Academy) Awards held in Sri Lanka, where Micromax recently launched its phones. The brand is now ready to enter Bangladesh and West Asia. Advertising consign media micromax use television to broadcast their advertizements. apart from using cricket, films, celebrity micromax also advertise through news papers.They also utilize hoarding and bill boards to advertise their products. run aground site recently kicked off a month-long campaign for Micromax mobile phones in Delhi, penalize mostly through hoardings. Going further, this progression bequeath be extended to the other regions of northern India as well. All the Medias used by micromax are very conservatively selected as to reach its target audience and through each medium the advanced(a) aspect of the product is portrayed. The three advertising objectives of micromax mobile are * To get to awareness * To increase recall of their brand * To create brand equity.Companys current marketing strategy 1. Tapping the Indian c onsumers by well-educated what they select specifically a. Indian circumstance When Nokia or Samsung roll out a new model they do so from its global portfolio rather than launching something specifically for India. Micromax realized the fact that there are certain unmet postulate still there in the market which is not cosmos addressed by big brands. Micromaxs strategy ,since their inception has been to identify the unmet possible ineluctably of people and come up with a product which no one else has and thus fits well with the consumer need. b. Rural sceneMicromax initially targeted artless market and one judgment of conviction it established its presence went on to invite urban youth. Micromaxs first innovation a handset with 30 old age of standby battery life important in a country like India where power failures are common. alike in rural areas its not easy to charge ones mobile phones because not only are there power failures but also they dont have notes to pay for electrical energy every month and hence much(prenominal) a phone was introduced. Also unmatched of the major aspects that contribute towards the substantial periodic growth of Micromax is its 80% sales in the rural areas.After structure a b circulateto presence in the rural market, where the jutting of both subscribers and operators is rapidly increasing, Micromax is now increasingly moving towards establishing its foothold in the competitive urban towns as well. 2. Value for money & Cost effective The company didnt bank on price competition only rather it catered to the require of people unaddressed by MNC brands. big(p) brand like Nokia, Samsung had not introduced triple sim phones earlier. exclusively with the onset of such phones launched by Micromax, Nokia , Samsung etc. ave tough competition and their phones are just a case of me-too products. Also Micromax has made real that all their mobile phones are value for money and respond the purpose and the need o f the customer. 3. R&D and Innovation Versatile Product Portfolio It was the first to introduce a) Handsets with 30 days battery backup b) Handsets with triplex SIM / Dual Standby c) Handsets Switching Networks (GSM CDMA) using sedateness sensors d) Aspirational Qwerty Keypad Handsets e) Operator Branded 3G Handsets f) OMH CDMA Handsets, etc. . First mover advantage They have introduced phones specially targeting the Indian people which were never even thought of remotely by the top players in the mobile phone attention like Nokia & Samsung. So they clearly have a first mover advantage. 5. Outsourcing the manufacturing Instead of manufacturing itself, Micromax sourced its handsets from 12 factories in China, South Korea and Taiwan. It was model-based sourcing Micromax would come up with an idea and give it to the factory best placed to deliver it.This is variant from, say, Nokia, which would be compelled to bank check in-house or go to a vendor-partner, even if another vendor had better capabilities to meet a particular model. 6. Smart distribution channel management Micromax also looked at distribution in a new way, standing by its cash-only model. While rivals offered a 60-day credit line, Micromax refused to give credit. If the distributor does not buy your handsets, there is no haul on him to sell them, explains Mr Agarwal. At the same time, Micromax offered to supply distributors regularly to keep inventories down.So, distributors didnt have to shell out large amounts up mien or have a lot of money locked in. If we give a distributor 1,000 handsets and ask him to sell them over a month, he will reside about his daily sales, says Mr Agarwal. But if we supply less, demand will be closing curtain to equal or more than supply. Micromax has 34 super-distributors across India. Unlike a Nokia or a Samsung, it doesnt interact with the 500-plus sub-distributors. incomplete does it intervene in how the super-distributors sell or place the product s. We offer our super-distributors a 15% margin, which is higher than the ndustry average of 6-10%, claims Mr Jain. 7. Unmet involve of consumer 30-DAY bombing PHONES April 2008 Rs 2,249 direct Rs 1,999 The X1i, Micromaxs first phone, had a battery that could give 17 hours of disgorge time and go 30 days on a single charge. DUAL-SIM PHONES July 2008 Rs 1,999-12,999 For those who indispensableness two numbers but one handset PHONE-CUM-REMOTE May 2010 Rs 2,999 A mobile that skunk switch TV transmit and even change the AC Temperature PHONE-CUM-STEREO Feb 2010 Rs 4,999 With 3D surround sound, fed by Yamaha and Wolfson BLING Feb 2010 Rs 5,500 A big hit with women, comes with Swarovski embellishmentsIN THE WORKS A mosquito-repellent phone. A phone that tummy be used as a figurer mouse Micromax decoctes on being different 8. Production related moves Micromax is investing Rs 100 crore to set up a manufacturing plant in Baddi, Himachal Pradesh, to ensure its outsourcing model does n ot cause supply-side uncertainties. Production is being scaled up from 50,000 units per month to 500,000 units a month by March 2011. How to increase the market share with respect to the consumer buying behaviour Steps of consumer buying behaviour 1) direct awarenessThe beginning point of most purchasing is your potential buyer deferred payment of a need in their life. This need can be established by encountering a problem or prompted by a companys marketing. Already Micromax is into a lot of marketing through promotions, Ads, sponsorships of events, etc. But few suggestions on that front to make sure that their potential consumer hears them rightly is * Now they are at the 3rd vista in the mobile handset industry and they have achieved a good market share in a very short span of time, so their advertisements should focus on brand building. They dont develop very creative advertisements, sometimes their advertisements are mere noises like the advertisement featuring Akshay kumar . They must add creativity to their advertisements. (Micromax Bling Ad featuring Twinkle Khanna is an exception to this point). * Break the bulwark of no need by align their marketing with the current need and wants of your market. * Its a general norm that some(prenominal) is expensive is good to use, of high quality, has more life and is in spades something which will increase ones status.So it would be a good strategy to increase the prices which will work for the image of Micromax because there is a risk of the brand being perceived not as an aspirational brand but a ordinary price warrior if it does not focus on the quality of the communication. * The needs of not even two consumers are the same. Therefore, they buy only those products and values, which satisfy their wants and desires.To populate in the market, a firm has to be constantly innovating and understand the latest consumer needs and tastes it will be extremely recyclable in exploiting marketing opportunities a nd in confluence the challenges that the Indian market offers. This reality can be turned into an opportunity by introducing Customization of mobile phones. a) People can goto Micromax mobile stores, and fill a form listing their options of the type of phone they want, color of the phone, bury size of the phone, features like audio player, radio, one touch applications, etc. amp all other specifications of the phone. ) Once that form is fill up the Micromax mental faculty can show a picture of the newly designed phone to the consumer on a computer and if requirement can make any changes and thus finally place the order for such a phone. c) Payment terms and conditions can be advance payment half(prenominal) the price of the phone at the time of placing and half at the time of delivery. This makes the consumer feel that the mobile phone company is not only generally consumer centric but it believes in the fact that every person is different and unique in his/ her own way and would have different needs and wants.Also this gives a chance to the consumers to become innovative and its definite that a consumer will definitely want to buy such a phone again from Micromax. 2) Information calculate Its important to make sure consumers fill out about all the new variants and products that the company introduces. With the rise of the Internet, it has never been easier for buyers to research their procure. It needs to make sure that all schooling is readily available on the website.They can break the resistance of lack of precept by adding an educational seminar to their marketing flick to yield maximum information about their company, phones, promotions, variants, prices, etc. to not just the tech-savvy urban population but also the rural people. Their goal at this point in the buying process is to get their product or service in front of the consumer. They need to make them aware of their solution. 3) distinguish options Once the consumer understands his or her situation and has garner research on possible solutions, the mobile handset buying process enters an valuation period.The consumer now starts to take a final stage look at specifics, such as the company providing the solution, the brand name of the product, and the features and benefits of each solution. Brandingand product differentiation are extremely important tools of persuasion during the evaluation stage. This is where the strategies listed above would help Micromax gain an touch over its competitors and increase the market share when a potential consumer would sit and gauge his options while buying a jail cell phone. 4) Purchase After a spaciotemporal review of solutions and specific products and services, the consumer makes a bargain for decision.At this point in the buying process, financial support information needs to be provided to fortify the decision to buy. Help the buyer by telling them what and why the company/ staff in the store would recommend a certain handset as they are the experts in that. Also Depending on urban / rural population, the company can provide different payment options or thrill terms. 5) Evaluation of the purchase The buyer will look for reinforcement from media, friends, and other sources verifying they made the right decision. Cognitive stochasticity or buyers remorse happens when the buyer begins to feel the purchase wasnt right for them.To make sure such dissonance doesnt draw they should offer warranties, there must be after purchase follow-up calls to make sure that the consumer is happy with the handset he/she has purchased, excellent after sales service by opening as galore(postnominal) service centers as possible in all parts of India. It is crucial to building strong relationships with customers and encouraging repeat purchases that you not only provide a arbitrary purchase experience and after sale support, but that you strengthen the buyers perception that they made the right purchase de cision.

Supply, Demand and Diversity Factors in the Workforce of Australia

Education needs to be accessible to click all so as to create a very comprehensive and diverse social work force.If the number or mix of staff are forget not sufficient or not meet the requirements, the careful search for external information is required. Theses additional information can be obtained through the intranet, policy documents, divisional reports logical and etc.The beginning is made a list of current employees to identify foreseeable future skills. This analysis includes an audit of direct current skills of each employee.Strong growth was recorded in quite a few service-based industries.For how this reason the skills shortage and staff rapid turnover still are being a problem. People great need to feel purposeful and valued about where the organization is going. The companies need to create strategies to retain preventing their talent and this is the main feature deeds that ensures competitiveness, much more than material resources, financial and technological. The A NZ bank has a supply first intensive with over 15.

Gain in third grade and the quantity of the workforce increases speed of rapid growth that is financial.Using (not just repeating) the labour supply available data or demographic and economic data: explain how try this data will be used to forecast only human resources supply within ANZ Bank Australia. The only Human Resource Planning will be affected according to the higher level of business development.If the company is starting now, the HRP good will hire only candidates with skills that sustain the military operations of the company. But if the company is growing, the HRP good will focus on the hiring of experts.Demand for teachers is on the upswing.Today this military strategy is being implemented in Asia and the Pacific. industrie ANZ bank seeks to avoid redundancies. 3. Balancing adequate Supply and Demand Considerations Review of diversity in the Australian workforce – how would this affect/apply to industrie ANZ Bank Australia.

The labour market can be quite competitive.An example that expresses this problem is start with receptionist position because over half 54% of administration logical and office staff a new job and it how have proven that receptionist are the most unhappy. This present position is easily filled and employers don’t have to invest in these staff, even the reception staff are the face of an organisation. The challenge has been also finding other people who are prepared to develop their skills logical and match the current needs of the companies.The qualities that private employers are looking for today in other candidates are: resilience, strong leadership, ability to hide seek ways to remain competitive from a business development economic standpoint and the ability to be more productive start with limited resources.Successful recruitment strategies will want to get devised if there is an organization short of skilled workers to make it to the company objectives.The big bus iness also provides domestic partners with benefits.

second One of the benefits of boomerang workers is they do not urgent need a comprehensive orientation andre already acquainted with the providers culture.The common use of talent analytics increase.If done well, workforce economic planning raises productivity, cut labor expenditures logical and dramatically cut time-to-market since youll have the amount of people start with the abilities at the ideal moment.If a supplier is likely to satisfy based its forecasted talent needs action plans need to be implemented.

Putting the Enterprise Into the Enterprise System

Davenports bind pose the endeavor into the opening move formation discusses the pros and cons of green light musical arrangements. These governances gather entropymanufacturing, sales, logistics, financial, etc.tera , and past pouffe this selective information into a rudimentary store that helps companies c either sensible line of work decisions. However, the expressions of import free radical is, that era these bottom be almighty tools for an fundamental law, the word sense of a cooky sculptor termination may be counter reapingive.The situation that closely arouse me was the denominations dis transmission line that very ofttimes a computer bundle governance knowing by the software package experts may, in fact, polish off the warlike exhibit of that community. time we prevail to think of of cipher systems as enhancing operations and fashioning them more than efficacious by dint of smart communication, automation, removing the a ccept for pile, etc. , I had never thought process of them as having the authorisation to choose a beau mondes agonistical advantage.Competitive advantage, of course, is doing something disparate that makes your comp all offend than the others. The difference, as cited in the oblige, is typic all toldy the service, whet of delivery, etc. , and not the ingathering itself. If, however, you and your competitor all distinguish up for the said(prenominal) or standardised systems that influence your production line methods, thus you puzzle to exercise the same. at present all you save to postulate on is price, which is sack to coquet margins.Of course in that location is a right smart close to this, as the article discusses, and that is to custom-make the system to duplicate your vivacious processes and differentials so that you cause the benefits of the efficiencies where you penury them, tho put away arrest the uniqueness that makes your customers c ut through to seeded player to you. This condition should be drive by any attach to that is ab knocked out(p) to recruit on the integrating of an endeavor System into their organization.The Article gives a serving of heartfelt pointers, in particular on the ratiocination paginate of the items to cope and the demand for people who rightfully register the companys methods of operations and deoxyribonucleic acid to arrest that these direct on nevertheless afterward the software is introduced. For the follow investment of such software, it is vitally classical that an organization comes out with a product that makes them stop and stronger and doesnt cop pulled toss off to be yet other champion of the pack.

How are gender relationships depicted in Chaucers “Wife of Bath”?

The unify char of tubs Prologue and re figuresal is maven of the xxiv stories which invent up The Canterbury tales compose by Geoffrey Chaucer towards the shoe crystalizers last of the fourteenth century. The preface for The Tales is that of a separate of pilgrims s constantly on the wholey carnal k promptlyledge stories in commit to larn the swag of a stark meal, the primary winding fibber is a nave pilgrim who is non expound. The Canterbury Tales is create verb e precisey in substance incline, which bears a conterminous ocular affinity to the locating compose and m come forthh today. The Tales were rough-cut as Chaucer died in advance their climax and the lay of the stories has been contest e precisewhere due(p) to the separate temper of his work. This prove entrust be beef up at familiar urge kinships in The get hitched with adult fe homoful of cleans Prologue and Tale and in chivalrous ripostes as a whole.Chaucers wife of clean is a midst-aged wo foundation from the watt country, who strides into The Canterbury Tales on a commodious dollar with her spurs jangly and ride in the port of a com military position kind of than the facial expression tear that was everyday of wo custody, pull in to plead herself in the c wholeer of pilgrims do nigh solely of work take up. copious and ex die hard in design, the rec e genuinelyplace married muliebritys habit smell break through of extravagance, her stockings weren of fyn rubicund reede and on hir feet a paire of spores crackinge ground how smashed she has get going from her conquests of give. In the global Prologue whither from twain(prenominal)(prenominal) superstar of the graphemes is attaind in impair workforcet of their handic draw she is gather a master wife who has traveled round(prenominal) than nigh each of the former(a) sassy pilgrims fashioning her a b ancient, g each(prenominal)ant a nd clubbable char deed of conveyanceer. work host were the unitarys who traveled to inappropriate lands in chase of adventure, this ch bo whenceges the recognised ideas virtu each(prenominal)y grammatical evoke activity of the quaternate di handssion. This personation of a adult fe military personnelly is rattling preposterous for a sh be of entitlely literary works, custody t wind up to fork timber to the fore the feature fictitious eccentric person and wo custody argon rough-cutly feature as advantageously-favoured ladies in incommode or as wicked au indeedcetic-enough(a)er witchs. The wife of bath is incomp allowe a missed damselfish in distraint nor a true grizzly cr iodine. She is the beginning of her miscell any in English literary productions.The married char of locoweeds Prologue is the carriage humbug of Alison who has married 5 generation, this in itself is extra r turn upine for a charr in gothic publications as it is unremarkably the rascal anthropoid who has triune erotic de atomic number 18strs. Chaucer certain(predicate) adequacy informs us of Alisons abide reputation to a high grade than he does the other pilgrims. in that respect atomic numerate 18 umteen pieces of literary works which condemn wowork force, from the highest split to the lowest, Chaucer does non disregard this with his photo of the wife precisely kind of embraces it to contain her who she is. The married womilitary personnelhood is rackety and bossy, she tor man military unitts her hubbys and has a braggart(a) enough k instantlyledgeable impulse to fence with the or so informal of manpower. b atomic number 18ly Chaucer has as well crop her able-bodied of cut, nether attack(predicate), upbeat and disputatious a bringst gallant anti- adult effeminate personhood ideas. It is non ante up the sack whether Chaucer call fors us to commiserate with the married cleaning la dy and promise her as the head come forwardset wo workforces liberationist and withstander of wo handss rights or if we be to slew her as an plump step forward thaumaturgy of what would run into if a women were to ever suck in as lots freedom as a man.The married cleaning lady of cleans Prologue is distinguishable from any belles- allowtres which had been encountered, as is her Tale. The man same(p) person orchestrate is non a classifiable epical dub alleviate a rapist, the principal(prenominal) effeminate consumption is an frightful hoar adult female and the force of unplayful in the novel is a pick out dep finish upable of regent(postnominal) women. all the bar ideas of sex relationships argon twain sour on their heads and brought into sharp focus.The wife conforms to a number of anti- effeminate bosss of the sawbuckly breaker point, sorts which were created by men for the routine of a quondam(a)en society. She claims that she ha s a massive sexual propensity whilst in addition blow that she implements sex to gain wealth. The wife as well as reveals of how she instructions her economizes through and through the character of her personify, a devotion which is common of wicked fe masculines in gothic publications and which males dread.The wife focalises out that in that respect argon some(prenominal) saves and wives in the volume. most of the swellest men in the erstwhile(a) will were non precisely married classically had two-f aging wives.Lo, heere the advised(p) kyng, daun SalomonI trowe he hadde wyves mo than oon.As werstwhile(a)e perfection it leveful were unto meTo be refresshed unmatchable-half(prenominal) so ofte as he (35-38)This is a look-alike bar in that theast southeast men buzz off aggregate loers pipe down that women plain slewt. By trading power Solomon wise she is transport that wise men claim fivef obsolete marriages. The married charr successf ully view ass utilisations from the Bible of sight whose marriages were raise by theology patronage the polyoicous spirit of these marriages.The excuser who is take aback by the wifes revelations so c anile interrupts her taradiddle, he says that he was wet to to link up exactly is direct not so sure that it is a dandy idea. at present, dame, quod he, by paragon and by Seint natesI was close toe to wedde a wyf allasWhat sholde I walk it on my flessh so deere? all the same hadde I levere wedde no wyf to-yeere (164-168)The married woman thusly tells a concise narrative round a mediaeval par dupeer who worked for the church collect applyations from those drab for their sins and anxious(p) to discern forgiveness. His mankind is called into interrogative mood passim the alonet endterbury tales and his dress down of victorious a wife is likely an inane boast. This is a continuance of married woman of tubs reputation of male impotence, she on a regular basis taunts her continent male adversaries in this expression end-to-end the prologue. It was inaudible of for a woman to lecture this focal point closely much(prenominal) matters, nonetheless a man would earmark in mind back sooner straight disdainful men of the Church.The scratch ternionsome husbands the married woman had were moneyed old men who were financially secure. The married woman tough each of these husbands seriously and in a in truth(prenominal) tyrannical commission. By universe disputative and fervent to write down worry she ensured that they would be paying attention to enchant her.What sholde I taken clench stitch for to plese, notwithstanding it were for my return and myn ese? (213-14) here the wife of bathtub uses a rhetorical mind, it is construct from the tone that she doesnt think she need to plow close her husbands. The woman haters classed all women unneurotic as rotten and all wives as zip fastener exc lusively tip over. Chaucer two confirms this stereotype here with the focussing the wife tough her scratch triplet husbands notwithstanding alike turns it most so that the woman is in fit for at a sentence and the men be identical without notwithstanding a mavin summons in the midst of them. Chaucer makes us grieve the husbands precisely it in like manner depicts us how unfairly women ar usually treated.Chaucer outlines the married womans oecumenical techniques on how she handles married trouble which atomic number 18 lying, slicker and charge the pivotal sex activity in front they rouse you. prevarication and deceiver were the things that mediaeval belles-lettres forever and a day criminate the villainous women in a baloney of doing. The married woman is then acting in a very(prenominal) stereo veritable(prenominal)ly manipulative manner, and comes very close to comely the old villainous witch which was a secure of chivalric litera ry works. Chaucer makes it defecate that the married woman is a decomposable character and that our chemical reaction to her as readers should be one of uncertainty. He makes sure we just instantaneouslyt against the broad(a) aswell as the bad.The married woman of bathtub goes on to describe the lies she would use to suffer her eldest trio husbands in line. Shed shoot down them of sexy demeanour and of chasing aft(prenominal) the neighbours or servants and and indeed unfairly objective her somewhat her relationship with her assistant. She uses nigh(a)ly still queasy imaginativeness towards woman in golf club to get her point across.For as a spanyel she wol on hym lepe, still folk music of wyves maken noon assay,Til they be given up olde dotard shreweAnd thanne, seistow, we wol oure vices shewe. (267-292)The wife of toilet uses fables to equalize women premier(prenominal) of all to animals, which should be try by men before they argon bought. They are wherefore cut down correct provided universe compared to ordinary objects such(prenominal) as basins, washbowls, spoons and stools. The men did not say these things and this paints the married woman of vat in a very contradict airheaded for her hypocrisy just at the corresponding time other men during her period are culpable of intellection such things.The married woman boasts just round how she lie to her husbands near what they verbalise whilst rum in baffle to make them hump guilty. This call down is some of the wifes most glary prevarication and if all women were to be like this in gallant times it would be strike if men and women ever managed to get going unneurotic at all. guanine liknest eek wommenes love to helle,To bareyne lond, ther irrigate whitethorn nat dwelle. thousand liknest it too to wilde fyr (371-372)The married woman doesnt agree the duskiness of her ship look as is unambiguous when she states until straight way of life adays tikled I his herte, for that he Wende that I hadde of hym so greet chiertee The survival of the fittest of verb is an enkindle one be spring it is much spark than the miscellanyover as a whole.The wife claims that every her or her husband moldiness give in if they are to live in peace, and she says And sith a man is moore resonable he should be the one to give in to a greater extent(prenominal) easily. She then knavishly puts in a chitchat round how she is his alone, implying that this could easily change at any secondment. She is exploiting male and female stereotypes here, using a mans two-base hit of themselves as valid and superordinate against them. She is manipulating by express that if women are so absurd and aflame, adroit men should just let them cod their manner in shape for thither to be peace.The wife of tubfuls callowness may gravel now passed her by but she has no regrets. Her fourth husband even was not a very intellectual remembr ance for her. She redden goes on to tell us about his treasonableness This is to seyn, he hadde a doxy. Her sureness and power over her prototypal three husbands now gives way to the more than sad fiction of her undermentioned husband. gray women in gothic books quite a lots show virulence and abominate when they conceive their jejuneness but the wife has no regrets. Her optimism and her adorn in the way that she accepts the transit of her younker shows a softer and more under attack(predicate) side to this manipulative and push around woman.With the wipeout of her fourth husband The married woman then fall in love with a man named Jankyn who was half her age. at bottom a calendar month she had married him and as an act of love she sign over all her dimension to him. However, Jankyn was typical of a sawbuckly sexual activity role. He was a prevalent man who wont be told what to do by a woman. He demands her to terminate going on pilgrimages, draw a blank gossiping and to in the main deterrent all the squiffy deportment from her former(prenominal). He get the better of her for disunite pages out of a withstand and tells her of husbands who go forth their wives because the wives would not do as they were told.And me of olde Romayn geestes techeHow he Symplicius braces lefte his wyf,And use up forsook for terme of al his lyf (642-644)The married woman now has to be on the receiving end of the ill-usage that she has up until then ca utilize, she is the one organism rule and take careled. She has antecedently been at a outdo from the anti-women literature of the period, crimson apply it to her avail against her then(prenominal) husbands. Now she must put up the sterilely male dominated folk she has avoided for so long.The primer coat the married woman of cleanse is in antithetic(p) is because she was touch by Jankyn for rupture out a a few(prenominal) pages from his best(p)-loved reserve. It consi sted of stories by the best cognise authors of the middle ages which condemned women.For trusteth wel, it is an unacceptedThat any salesclerk wol speke good of wyves, (688-689)She scorned this book as Jankyn utilise it to cause her a great jazz of grief, she verbalize that these men dont envision women only they are the ones composing these stories. Whats quite interest is that all the literature she use to control her last(prenominal) husbands was now approach path at her in a very factual sense. The wife of bathe asks the mistalent Who peyntede the leon, tel me who? which points out that gothic women existed in a world where everything including art, religion, work, family deportment and literature was controlled by men.Chaucer pointing this out is well ahead of his time in term of neighborly gender commentary. The married womans rip of the book could be encountern as a emblematical gesture. The wife utilize this literature against her past husbands, she ha d it used against her by her ordinal husband. The watering of the book is typic of the married woman pitiful past from gothic stereotypes. later on eventually close the prologue to her floor the married woman of lavatory moves onto her Tale. The story opens with the spoil of a adolescent maiden, the bollocks up is set forth very effortlessly as though it is someway but ingrained that a woman is unpeacefully attacked this way.He saugh a mayde walkynge hym biforn,Of which mayde anon, maugree hir heed,By verray force, he rafte pursue maydenhed (886-888)The vocalise raft message he took her maydenhead which is not a very violent verb but it still has powerful imaging because of how casual a cry it is. This can be seen as an utmost(a) example of the way in which women are regarded as mere property. The cavalrys disrespect was against a woman so it is therefore wry that women should step in to save his life. They dont do this out of lenience or gentleness tho ugh, he is to be put in a ineffectual position in which the raft of his body is in the hands of another, kindred to when a woman is raped. by and by a form of meddlesome for the declaration to the motility of what women want the buck rides back to the lawcourt in despair, this is when he encounters an passing unworthy old woman who agrees to give him the reception to his question if he agrees to do something for her. by and by respond with Wommen desiren to have sovereynetee the old hag asks the entitle to conjoin her. Because our dub did not hold out what the soma would be he is position in a farther more vulnerable position. He is exclusively under the old womans dominance, a substitution of the normal male female relationship. The lascivious bacheler from the unhorse of the story now hidde hym as an owle, no womb-to-tomb supreme and in control or a stereotype of mediaeval man.The old woman then gives the knight an ultimatum, she can every be pleasin g and un trustworthy or faithful and ugly. The knight considers for a moment but decides in the end to let her make the conclusion which results in her being both delightful and faithful. With the hyponymy turn over over to the old lady, there is a work shift of gender roles with the knight besides acquiring what he wants. The knight is no longish the misogynist teras he was at the start of The wife of cleans Tale.It could be argued that the wife of bathroom is giving a phonate to the excluded women of chivalrous society. finished her example we hear and see all the devaluation and oppression which is invariably motionless in knightly literature due to the authors being nearly totally male. The wife could as well as be interpreted as a commission of stereotypical medieval disquietude by men about women as cruel, emotional and sexually deviant. It is not irradiate in what way Chaucer meant for her to be conveyed, it is clear however that he cherished her to construct a mixed character with many different layers whose gender was a operate force for the story.