1492: Conquest of Paradise and Indians Essay

1492: Conquest of Paradise is a movie directed by Ridley Scott and it was released in 1992. The main character Christopher Columbus was played by Gerard Depardieu and the movie was about his attempt to find a way to go to India by sailing west. The movie begins with Columbus teaching his son how the earth is round. Then Columbus thinks about the ways to get to India and that the best way was to go west. The people in Salamanca agreed to seeing his proposal all they do is laugh at it and challenge his idea. Even though the council rejected the idea he goes to Queen Elizabeth I which is played by Sigourney Weaver, and she gave him a chance. This other man wanted to help him but wanted money in return but Columbus did not accept and was to become a monk but the queen did not allow it and the queen supported the trip. They use this pendulum this to help them navigate and to find what degree latitude or longitude they are at. See more:  Unemployment – problems and solutions essay It has been weeks and the men think that they have gone off track and they do not trust in Columbus. They finally reach land and they go and explore until they find the indians. At first the indians are scary and Columbus’s plan does not involve force. They did not really find any gold except the artifacts the Indian’ gave them. The spanish were treated as gods. About 39 men stayed behind to build a fort while they go back to Spain cause the captain called Mendez played by Kevin Dunn, had a fever that would not go away. When they get to Spain they get applauded and and now he wants to go back with 7 ships and 1500 men. So he goes back to the West Indies and all his men are dead and the village they were at was burned down to the core. He wants peace with the Indians and so the Indians help bring in this bell and they help construct this fort and village. Then the Indians were put to find gold and they had to go turn it in everyday and one did not find anything and this man comes and chops his hand off and that starts a war with the natives. So the natives attach and burn down what they built but in reality an actual spaniard burnt it down. Two spaniards make allies with the Indian, one commits suicide then they start cooperating and this storm comes and everything is destroyed. Then at the end his son Fernando writes of his dad’s voyage. The movie is in the main character’s perspective which is Christopher Columbus. The message of the story is that if there is a will there is a way. Columbus did not give up even though the university did not support  him. The movie relates really well to the themes of politics, social, economical, and cultural. Social is about two types of people interacting, in this case the Indians and Spaniards. You see the culture of the Indians. From what i know about Christopher Columbus’s story I did not find any historical inaccuracies, except how he did 4 trips and they only show him doing 2 trips. This movie has a great value in advancing my knowledge of history. There are barely any historical inaccuracies (I believe), it stuck to the real history. I do not believe that there are not any drawbacks, this movie is very accurate and it is a valuable source.

Digital Media Impact Upon Consumer Transactions Education Essay

Digital media are known to hold a differentiated impact upon consumer minutess, information assemblage and citizen engagement ( Long, Webber and Li, 2008 ) . As Frand ( 2000 ) points out, many concern sectors like banking and publication, are confronting an unsure scenario with the rise of the new coevals of Digital Natives: will anyone travel to a â€Å" bank † any longer? Will textbooks still be printed? Will libraries be on-line electronic aggregations? As mentioned in the debut of this survey, the Digital Natives are an of import mark for sellers because of their size and disbursement power, but their ingestion forms are today far from being to the full understood ( Baronial, Haytko, Phillips, 2009 ) . Furthermore, this coevals will shortly be portion of the work force and it is a cardinal issue for internal market oriented employers to happen the best schemes to actuate them in the workplace, by bettering the company ‘s internal selling ( Raines, 2002 ) . Digital Natives behaviors and penchants, like their scarce tolerance for holds, omnipresent connectivity and penchant for typing over authorship, are of import to houses who want to offer a good service to Digital Natives clients. In the epoch of eBay, on-line banking 24/7 and Amazon, Digital Natives expect high degree of reactivity from companies, every bit good as from self-service engineerings. Surveies by Long and McMellon ( 2004 ) proved that baffled definitions of clients ‘ outlooks are one of the most of import causes for electronic services to neglect in meeting quality demands. It has besides been proved that a consumer ‘s overall engineering beliefs have an influence on their leaning to follow new engineering ( Parasuraman et al. 2000 ) . In other words, â€Å" client specific properties might act upon, for case, the properties that clients desire in an ideal web site and the public presentation degrees that would signal superior e-Service Quality † ( Parasuraman et al. 2000, p.216 ) . The list of Digital Natives attributes employed in this survey is a first measure to assist developing a new set of penchants and beliefs among Generation Y consumers that might be need to be considered when planing effectual web sites and e-services. Digital Natives accomplishments are indispensable to employers ( Raines, 2002 ) and the other articles on their direction†¦ .add Irish bull here. It has been argued that as information is going more and more a trade good ( Openshaw and Goddard 1987 ) , the deficiency of cognition on how to utilize information engineering is a important barrier to employment ( Long, Webber and Li, 2008 ) . Investigating the motive and the school consequences of pupils who possess an Information age mentality is hence indispensable as those accomplishments, needed in the workplace, might necessitate to be leveraged by colleges and universities to break the pupils ‘ employability records and fix them to carry through the demands of modern organisation. If the simple accretion of cognition is going less of import and college dropouts such as Bill Gates become icons of the new coevalss, possibly Digital Native upholders are right in naming for an educational reform that taps into the pupils ‘ new accomplishments. Lack of accomplishments with engineering might besides convey to societal exclusion Acadamic public presentations of their pupils by tapping into their new digital accomplishments could besides assist to make full the Digital Divide that As information becomes progressively commodified the deficiency of entree to a computing machine, or a deficiency of cognition of how to utilize it, may in clip become as important a beginning of disadvantage as for illustration entree to or deficiency of entree to a auto or entree to or deficiency of entree to cardinal warming. Arguably, in footings of employability, a deficiency of competency in the usage of information engineering may go as important a barrier as a deficiency of higher educational makingsThe Digital Natives and the Information Age MindsetLiterature on e-Service quality measuring present several dimension like Access ( the ability to acquire on a website rapidly and to make the company when needed ) , Responsiveness ( i.e. speedy response and the ability to acquire aid if there is a job or a inquiry ) and Ease of pilotage ( Zeithaml, Parasuraman, and Malhotra, 2000 ) that are related Today ‘s pupils are defined by Prensky ( 2001a, p.1 ) as ‘Digital Natives ‘ i.e. â€Å" native talkers of the digital linguistic communication of computing machines, video games and the Internet † . As a consequence of the fact that these pupils have grown up immersed in engineering and ne'er knew a clip without the Internet, e-mail and nomadic telephones, Prensky theorizes that they think and process information in a different manner from old coevals. To prolong this statement, he relies on neuroplasticity theories, which suggest that the encephalon is flexible and able to accommodate to alterations in the environment. Therefore, he argues, immature pupil ‘s encephalons are wholly different from grownups who grew up without engineerings. Following this lingual metaphor, in Prensky ‘s footings today ‘s grownups and instructors are Digital Immigrants â€Å" who speak an out-of-date linguistic communication † ( 2001a, p.2 ) . They might be able to larn the new linguistic communication, but they will ever retain their immigrant ‘accent ‘ . The Immigrant/Natives duality is believed to hold serious negative effects on pupil motive, attending spans, satisfaction ( Oblinger, 2003, Prensky, 2001a ; Levin and Arafeh, 2002 ) . For Prensky, instructors are fighting to learn these new coevalss, while pupils â€Å" cry out † for new attacks to instruction. Prensky ‘s definition of Digital Natives is partially derived from Frand ( 2000 ) who identifies ten properties of what he defines the Infomation Age Mindset. These properties are used in this survey as a base for an operational definition of the concept of ‘Digital Nativeness ‘ and hence are worth a farther scrutiny. The first property ascribed to Digital Natives by Frand is that they view computing machines as a normal portion of life, instead than as â€Å" engineering † . If engineering is considered as â€Å" anything that is n't about when you were born † ( Frand, 2000 p.16 ) it ‘s easy to state why computing machines are non seen as engineering by the immature coevalss. Rather than being impressed by new, extremely sophisticated appliances, the Natives tend to hold a â€Å" what took so long? † reaction alternatively. A 2nd feature of Digital Natives is the belief that Internet is better than Television. Frand states that the Natives are utilizing the web as their primary beginning of information. On one manus the Internet is a more synergistic media compared to the Television and this should partially get the better of one of the Television major defects. On the other manus, the information overload and the fundamental hunt techniques adopted by the bulk of them makes it hard to separate facts and fiction, dependable and undependable beginnings. Information overload and deficiency of clip might besides be some of the ground why pupils ‘ engage in a test and mistake attack instead than utilizing traditional job work outing techniques ( see the Nintendo over Logic property ) . The 3rd characteristic of the Digital Natives is named by Frand Reality no longer existent. This attribute refers to the job of content genuineness on the Internet. Many Internet resources are non dependable and personal individualities can be stolen or cloned. Distinguishing between what is existent and what is non has become one of the major challenges for the Digital Natives. A 4th quality of the Digital Natives is their penchant for Making an activity instead than cognizing the theories behind it. This property is cardinal to this survey as it is straight related with pupil ‘s achievement end orientation ( command or public presentation orientated pupils ) . Frand observes that in a universe dominated by digital engineerings, where drastic alterations occur, the life span of information is measured in months. Therefore, cognizing many facts is going less and less of import, while the ability to cover with complex and equivocal information is cardinal for pupils come ining the work force. Another acquisition penchant is the 1 that involves the acceptance of a â€Å" Nintendo † attack to acquisition, that is, utilizing trial-and-error, to accomplish desired consequence instead than careful research. Frand describes this manner as typical of the new coevals of pupils, born with videogames, that tend to near jobs in a test and mistake manner instead than utilizing the scientific method attack, i.e. careful rating of the effects before trying a solution. Whether this might impact pupils ‘ capacity of in-depth analysis is a much debated inquiry. Prensky ( 2001b ) besides considers that Digital Natives have lost in contemplation and critical thought while they have enhanced parallel processing accomplishments ( see the Multitasking property ) . The 6th Digital Natives property identified by Frand is a authoritative of the Digital Natives literature and it describes their penchant for Multitasking, with no undertaking having full attending from the pupil. Along with the test and mistake attack, this is one of the most common scheme adopted by Digital Natives to get by with the information overload and the deficiency of clip for deep job rating. Harmonizing to Prensky ( 2001b ) , kids are now capable of administering their attending strategically while go toing two undertakings at a clip. The job with this new accomplishment, enhanced by digital engineerings, seems to be that Digital Immigrants pedagogues, who merely do non believe that pupils can larn while listening to music, ignore it. Detecting Digital Natives, Frand came to the decision that they prefer Typing on a keyboard instead than composing on paper. The power of word-processing goes beyond betterments in spelling and discernability and allows trade name new manner of playing with thoughts, leting non-linear thought. Similarly, spreadsheet and databases enable to work out job and do determination in a new manner. The typical Digital Natives pupil is ever connected, no affair what. Here the power of networking is considered as a map of the figure of people that take portion to that web. The more people, the more that web will be utile to its users. Love for squad work and networking is a trait of the Digital Natives that is good know and recognized by many surveies ( e.g Howe and Strauss, 2000 ) . Harmonizing to Frand, Digital Natives are besides impatient, demoing â€Å" zero tolerance † for holds. The cyberage has modified our demand for immediateness. We have already discussed that the clip to bring forth accurate in-depth analyses is a luxury that few people can afford and we mentioned multitasking every bit good as test and mistake as schemes used by the Digital Natives to get by with clip restraints. As effect, the new coevals of pupils besides expect zero holds when accessing to services or information. 24/7 banking services, instant messaging, omnipresent broadband connectivity are merely useless proficient agencies if the human constituent of the service act as a constriction in the information bringing processes. The â€Å" nothing tolerance for hold † property is more apparent when we think about electronic mails: people tend to apologise if they are non reacting instantly and follow a much less formal linguistic communication to rush up the communicat ing. The last consideration made by Frand is that the traditional differentiation between Godhead and consumer of information is film overing. This tendency is about omnipresent: User Generated Contents, Mash-Ups, Creative Commons licences, open-source motions, societal bookmarking. Everywhere users are acquiring involved in bring forthing, sharing and bettering contents, without copyright limitations. Where in traditional media the users where involved in co-create the significance of the content by construing it, now they are capable of modifying the content itself and portion it back with the audience. This is consistent with the â€Å" making instead than cognizing property † that already takes into history the Digital Natives penchant for taking portion into productive procedures instead than being inactive scholars. Similar positions on Digital Natives are shared by other writers ( Oblinger, 2003 ; Oblinger and Oblinger, 2005, Tapscott, 1998 ; Rainie 2006 ; Gibbons, 2007 ) . These surveies confirm that pupils nowadays demo distinguishable larning penchants such as squad working, multitasking, usage of engineering and experiential activities. Underbrush ( 2007 ) emphasis on the being of a Natives / Immigrants Digital divide and quote grounds from Hargittai ( 2002 ) that showed how immature coevalss are more skilled in seeking the web than people over 30s. However this duality has been to a great extent criticized by many observers: while it is doubtless true that immature people have familiarity with a greater scope of ICTs in their family, tend to utilize the Internet as a first port of call and multi-task more ( Cheong, 2008 ; Dutton, Helsper and Gerber 2009 ; Helsper and Eynon, 2010 ) , important differences found within cohorts of immature people undermine the thought of homogeneousness that prevarication at the base of the Natives / Immigrants resistance.The Digital Natives DebateWhen it comes to quantitative grounds, the Digital Natives definition becomes a controversial subject: Kvavik, Caruso and Morgan ( 2004 ) for illustration, surveyed 4,374 pupils across 13 establishments in the United States. On one manus the y found high degree of engineering ownership ( 93,4 % for personal computing machines and 82 % for nomadic phones ) and high degrees of academic and recreational activities based on Information Technologies ( 99.5 % users used word-processing, e-mailing and Internet browse for pleasance ) . On the other manus, pupils showed merely a moderate penchant for the usage of engineering in schoolroom and as Kvavik ( 2005, p.98 ) points out, â€Å" ironically, many of the pupils most skilled in the usage of engineering had assorted feelings about engineering in the schoolroom † . A much more extended follow up to this survey among 18,000 university pupils ( Caruso and Kvavik, 2005 ) seems to corroborate the fact that no important correlativity exists between usage and accomplishment of engineering and penchants for increased usage of engineering in the schoolroom. Some writers refuse the Digital Natives statements radically: Facer and Furlong ( 2001 ) point out that the differentiation between indigens and immigrants is non backed up by any empirical grounds. The writers besides warn about the possible dangers coming from instructors who assume a degree of digital cognition that is non accurate for all pupils. Similar statements are made by Bennett et Al. ( 2008 ) who quote several quantitative studies measuring that a important proportion of immature people do non keep the entree or the technologic accomplishments predicted by Digital Natives upholders. She deducts hence that â€Å" It may be that there is every bit much fluctuation within the digital native coevals as between coevalss † ( p.779 ) . This is confirmed by Krause ( Krause 2007 ; Kennedy et Al. 2008 ) who conducted a survey on 2,000 first twelvemonth university pupils in Australia whose consequence shows that the forms of entree and usage of a scope of engineerings and too ls ( e.g. computing machines, nomadic telephones, electronic mail ) alteration sanely across the pupil populations ( harmonizing to socio-economic background, age and gender ) . She concludes saying that the â€Å" premise of homogeneousness is misdirecting and unsafe † ( 2007, p138 ) . Significant differences in how and why pupils use information engineerings have been besides highlighted late by a figure of authors ( Livingstone and Helsper,2007 ; Hargittai and Hinnart, 2008 ) . More late, Helsper and Eynon ( 2010 ) analyzed secondary informations on UK pupils coming to the decision that coevals is non the lone forecaster of Digital Nativeness. From their research it seems clear that many other variables such as gender, instruction, experience and comprehensiveness of usage concur to explicate this behavior. Since coevals seem to be non the lone ancestor to Digital Nativeness, it is non surprising that many research workers criticized the Natives-Immigrants duality ( Bayne and Ross, 2007 ) or introduced extra classs based on a continuum ( Currant et al. , 2008 ) , to better reflect the fluctuation in Digital Nativeness that is considered to be cross-generational. In the visible radiation of the many surveies demoing deficiency of homogeneousness within the pupil population, the research design of this survey is presuming that the chosen sample ( a category of undergraduate pupils belonging, hence, to the same coevals ) is demoing important fluctuation in the grade of familiarity with engineering ( i.e â€Å" Digital Nativeness † ) , measured utilizing Frand ‘s ( 2000 ) definition of the Informational Age Mindset. A farther verification that a fluctuation in the concept is to be observed comes from Frand itself, who states that his 10 properties are wide generalisations, non all of which apply to each person. The above considerations have led the critics to be cautious about rethinking established learning methods and a call for a more mensural argument between skeptics and advocators of the Digital Natives thought has been made ( Bennett et al. 2008 ) . To cast more visible radiation into the Digital Natives argument, this research is looking at the motivational deductions of the Digital Nativeness property, look intoing whether pupils who respond to the Digital Natives definition show amotivated or work-avoidant behavior.AmotivationMotivation can be defined as â€Å" the physiological procedure involved in the way, energy and continuity of behavior † ( Bergin, Ford and Hesse, 1993, p.437 ) . As Prensky ( 2003, p.1 ) puts it â€Å" a sine qua non of successful acquisition is motive: a motivated scholar ca n't be stopped. † Research describing on high school pupils ‘ motive to larn argued that motive is a cardinal factor in the success or failure of instruction ( Natio nal Research council, 2004 ) . The motivated scholar position is frequently depicted as an ideal status, where pupils are enthusiastic, focussed and relentless. Constructivist larning theoreticians ( e.g. Piaget, Papert ) have ever stressed on the demand of prosecuting and actuating pupils, a undertaking whose troubles seems to be increased by the rise of new engineerings and videogames ( Carstens and Beck, 2005 ) . Digital Native upholders typically support the Immigrant/Native resistance as based on age differences ( Prensky 2001a ; Gibbons 2007 ; Underwood, 2007 ) . One of their most debated claims is that the spread between the technological accomplishments of the new pupils and the limited usage of engineering adopted presents by instructors has a negative impact on pupil motive, doing alienation, disaffection and letdown ( Prensky, 2005 ; Levin & A ; Arefeh, 2002 ; Oblinger, 2003 ) . â€Å" It by and large is n't that Digital Natives ca n't pay attending, it ‘s that they choose non to † ( Prensky, 2001b, p.4 ) . Students ‘ deficiency of motive and disaffection from school has received some grade of attending from educational research workers that recognize it as one of the most outstanding academic jobs ( Legault et. al 2006 ) . Harmonizing to the self-government theory ( SDT, Deci and Ryan, 1985 ) , amotivation is a category of behaviors that are either performed for unknown grounds or non executed at all. Amotivation is a province in which the individual can non comprehend the nexus between their behavior and the result of that behavior. As a effect, amotivated persons perceive their behavior as caused by forces that are non under their control. They feel detached from their action and hence will put small attempt or energy in its implementation ( Legault et.al 2006 ) . Traditional SDT attack defines amotivation as a unidimensional concept and in this signifier it has been used for mensurating pupils orientation toward the academic environment ( Vallerand et. al. , 1992 ) . However farther surveies ( Pelletier et. Al. 1999 ) showed the multidimensional nature of amotivation. Legualt et.al ( 2006 ) , in a series of surveies, developed a taxonomy of grounds that give rise to academic amotivation, consisting of four dimensions: ability beliefs, attempt beliefs, feature of the undertaking and value placed on the undertaking. For the intent of this survey, feature of undertaking and value placed on undertaking are the lone relevant amotivation dimensions that are included in the conceptual theoretical account. The features of undertaking dimension â€Å" denotes the specific characteristics of the academic undertaking that may take to amotivation † ( Legault et. Al. 2006, p.569 ) . Unappealing undertakings are likely to be neglected, taking to detachment. The value placed on undertaking evaluates the credence of an activity from the pupils. It has been proved that when a undertaking is non of import to the pupil, amotivation is likely to originate ( Ryan and Deci 1999 ; 2000 ) . Upholders of the Digital Natives/Immigrants resistance claim that new coevalss, born with videogames, should be engaged through the usage of multimedia or instructional games ( e.g. Carstens and Beck, 2005 ; Garris et Al. 2002 ) and are non paying attending because of the manner undertakings are really presented in category ( Prensky, 2001b ) . The undermentioned hypothesis is hence included in this survey: H1: Students with a higher grade of ‘Digital Nativeness ‘ will be more amotivated than pupils with a lower grade of ‘Digital Nativeness ‘ From a conceptual point of view, amotivation subtypes are associated with negative results such as hapless academic public presentations, low academic self-pride and purpose to retreat from high-school ( Legault et. al. , 2006 ) . As a effect it will be hypothesised that the amotivated Digital Natives pupils will demo hapless academic public presentations. H2: Students with a higher grade of ‘Digital Nativeness ‘ will demo worse test public presentations than pupils with a lower grade of ‘Digital Nativeness ‘Work AvoidanceAcademic amotivation is non the lone concept that has been examined by motivational research worker interested in damaging behavior. Within the Achievement Goal watercourse of motivational research, the work turning away end ( besides named â€Å" academic disaffection † ) received a considerable sum of attending ( Meece et al 1988 ; Nolen, 1988 ; Nicholls et al 1985 ; Elliot and Harackiewicz, 1996 ; Seifert and O'Keefe, 2001 ) . Work turning away end is defined as an effort to acquire away with seting every bit small work or attempt as possible into achievement undertakings ( Elliot, 2005 ) . Similarly to amotivated pupils, pupils with a work turning away end are likely non try to make their work. Their chief concern is to acquire the work done with a minimal sum of attempt ( Meece et. Al, 1988 ) . However, work avoidant pupils unlike amotivated 1s, have a motive: which is to set small attempt on work. Work avoidant pupils hence do non comprehend the deficiency of eventuality between behavior and result, typical of amotivated pupils ( Seifert, 2004 ) . Work avoidant ends are besides to be distinguished from public presentation ends. In public presentation ends, success with small attempt is a prove of ability whereas failure with small attempt does non supply a cogent evidence of low ability. In work turning away ends, alienated pupils have their involvement and beginning of self-esteem exterior of the schoolroom and so deficiency of attempt is non used as a manner to hide deficiency of ability ( Archer, 1994 ) . The thought that Information and Communication Technologies are, in general, bring forthing disaffection in human acquisition and societal exchange has been sustained by many writers ( Cooper, 1995 ; Rintala, 1998 ) . Some pedagogues like Tell ( 2000 ) described Digital Natives as an anomic young person, surfing the cyberspace in societal isolation. As Knapp ( 1998 ) points out, the â€Å" computer-based information engineerings separate and alienate people from direct experience with nature and community [ †¦ ] and lead to inadequate course of study † ( p.7 ) Digital Natives upholders support the thought that the Natives/Immigrants divide, combined with deficiency of engineering in schoolroom, is the cause of pupil disaffection, whereas these observers ascribe disaffection to Information Technologies and modern-day society. While the latter positions are partially surpassed with the breakage of the Social Web, they offer a post-modernist account for the pupils ‘ acceptance of work-avoidant ends. Whatever the ground for this behavior might be, the literature offers adequate grounds to speculate that pupils with high grade of Digital Nativeness will demo amotivated and work-avoidant behaviors. H5: Students with a higher grade of ‘Digital Nativeness ‘ will be more work-avoidant than pupils with a lower grade of ‘Digital Nativeness ‘Achievement Goal OrientationIn their reappraisal of the effects of computing machine based direction ( CBI ) on motive, Moos and Marroquin ( 2009 ) show that while a figure of surveies investigated effects of CBI on Interest, Intrinsic/Extrinsic motive and self-efficacy, there is a deficiency of research within the goal-theory model. Acknowledging the cardinal function of the achievement end orientation on academic public presentations, this survey is make fulling this spread with a deep probe of pupils ‘ goal-oriented behavior. As mentioned in the reappraisal of the Digital Natives literature, many observers, based on research grounds, made a call for a mensural argument on the Digital Native thought before rethinking the whole educational system. In fact, far from hungering for a complete digital experience, pupils seem to acknowledge the motivational function of instructors in instruction. Qualitative research from Oblinger and Oblinger ( 2005, p.14 ) , for illustration, reports the undermentioned pupils ‘ considerations: Teachers are critical to the acquisition procedure. Tech is good, but it is non a perfect replacement. Computers can ne'er replace worlds. Learning is based on motive, and without instructors that motive would discontinue to be. Similar considerations can be done looking at Kvavik, Caruso and Morgan ( 2004 ) quantitative research: if many of the pupils most skilled in the usage of engineering have mixed feelings about engineering in the schoolroom, they have less ground to demo the amotivated or work-avoidant behaviors theorized by Digital Natives upholders. Further uncertainties on Prensky ‘s thought of amotivated pupils ( Prensky, 2001a ) may lift looking at the pupils traits as depicted by Howe and Strauss in many of their plants ( Howe and Strauss, 1993 ; Strauss and Howe, 1997 ; Howe and Strauss, 2000 ) . It emerges a image of pupils comprehending themselves as particular and extremely anticipant. Ambitious, even though directionless ( Schneider and Stevenson, 1999 ) , they are besides described as really confident and have been encouraged to believe in themselves from parents and instructors ( Lancaster and Stillman, 2002 ) . Howe and Strauss besides point out that their parents have pushed Digital Natives to be the best they can, coercing them to execute and stand out. As pupils, they feel the force per unit area to conform to these outlooks and have developed one of their primary features that is their demand for accomplishment. They expect high classs as a wages for conformance to academic criterions, they like to hold changeless feedback ; they are competitory and goal-oriented. This sort of accomplishment, goal-oriented behavior has been analyzed extensively within the motive literature associated with the survey of academic accomplishment. The achievement end orientation is defined as â€Å" a set of behavioral purposes that determine how pupils approach and engage in acquisition activities † ( Meece, Blumenfeld and Hoyle, 1988, p.514 ) . For Dweck, â€Å" Achievement ends must lie at the bosom of any analysis of achievement motive † ( quotation mark ) Writers like Nicholss ( 1984 ) and Dweck ( 1986 ) identified two types of ends that have received great theoretical and empirical attending in the motive literature: Mastery end ( besides called learning end ) defined as a desire to derive competency or get the hang a new set of accomplishments or cognition ( Archer, 1994 ) ; Performance end ( besides called turn outing end ) defined as desire to execute better than others, showing one ‘s competency or avoiding to demo incompetency ( Elliott, 2005 ) . It was ab initio hypothesized that command ends led to positive results ( e.g. continuity in the face of failure, deep processing of survey stuff, enhanced task enjoyment ) , while public presentation end led to deleterious one ( backdown of attempt, surface processing, decreased undertaking enjoyment ) ( Nicholls, 1989 ; Nolen 1988 ; Dweck and Leggett, 1988 ) . A closer scrutiny at research surveies nevertheless, indicated that while command end seemed to take to positive results, assorted consequence were obtained when looking at public presentation ends ( Harackiewicz and Elliot, 1993 ) . As a effect, Elliott ( 1994 ) suggested the incorporation of another differentiation ( approach/avoidance ) to explicate the fluctuation in consequences for public presentation ends. â€Å" In attack motive, behavior is instigated or directed by a positive or desirable event or possibility, whereas in turning away motive, behavior is instigated or directed by unwanted event or possibility † ( Elliot, 1999, p.170 ) . A first, trichotomous accomplishment end theoretical account was introduced by Elliot and Church ( 1997 ) including command end, performance-approach and performance-avoidance end. Performance-approach end focal point on the attainment of possible positive result ( e.g. executing better than other pupils ) , whereas performance-avoidance end focal point on the turning away of possible negative result ( e.g. avoiding executing worse than other pupils ) ( Elliot, 2005 ) . A huge bulk of empirical surveies based on this theoretical account ( over 60 by the terminal 2003 harmonizing to Elliot ( 2005 ) ) clearly documented that the bulk of negative effects of public presentation ends were to due to performance-avoidance end orientation. Successively Elliot and McGregor ( 2001 ) extended the approach/avoidance differentiation to the mastery-goal, ensuing in the 2Ãâ€"2 Achievement end model and in the development of the Achievement Goal Questionnaire ( AGQ ) employed in this research. Mastery-approach ends entail endeavoring to develop one ‘s accomplishment and abilities ( Elliot, 2005 ) and are similar to the command end as antecedently defined in the literature. But as Elliot and McGregor point out, attack is non the lone signifier ordinance for command orientated pupils. For illustration, pupils might endeavor to avoid misinterpretation or neglecting to larn class stuffs, or avoid burying what they have learned. This is an avoidance signifier of ordinance, typical of perfectionists, who avoid doing errors or making anything incorrect ( Elliot and McGregor, 2001 ) . It is possible to reason that the performance/mastery differentiation relates with many of the properties refering to the Digital Natives as described by Frand ( 2000 ) , including the â€Å" making instead than cognizing † attack that is cardinal to this survey, as it should straight impact the accomplishment end that pupils will put. Furthermore, the performance-approach end orientation ( that is related to executing better than other pupils ) is instead consistent with the competitory and confident traits described by Howe and Strauss ( 2000 ) . By being confident of their competency, pupils are more likely to favor a performance-approach over a performance-avoidance or work-avoidant ends. These considerations lead to the undermentioned hypothesis: H3 Students with a higher grade of ‘Digital Nativeness ‘ will demo a penchant for performance-approach ends In the visible radiation of the approach/avoidance differentiation a new form became clear and it is that mastery-approach ends frequently did non foretell positively public presentation attainment as originally believed, whereas performance-approach ends did, on more consistent footing ( Elliot, 2005 ) . Therefore the undermentioned hypothesis will be tested: H4: Students with a higher grade of ‘Digital Nativeness ‘ will demo better test public presentations than pupils with a lower grade of ‘Digital Nativeness ‘Critical ThinkingExtra statements against the Natives/Immigrants resistance come from cognitive research workers that argue against the thought that immature people ‘s encephalons have changed in recent times ( see Herther, 2009 for a reappraisal ) . But whether or non we are confronting a revolution in encephalon constructions, it is however true that experience is able to change our cognitive capablenesss. What is still to be established is whether engineerings are doing us smarter, like Digital Natives upholders claims, or lazier and less able, like some observers ( Carr, 2008 ; 2010 ) suggest. Obviously there is no clear reply, but both Carr and Prensky agree on the fact that something got lost with the diffusion of Digital Technologies and the list includes deep processing, contemplation and crit ical thought. Similar observations are made by Frand ( 2000 ) in his analysis of the effects of the test and mistake attack. The writer expresses concerns whether pupils who can non deduce an reply from utilizing test and mistake are prepared to prosecute in deep analyses. The undermentioned hypothesis is hence stated: H6: Students with a higher grade of ‘Digital Nativeness ‘ will demo a lower grade of Critical Thinking Literature suggests that Digital Natives thrive when multitasking, parallel processing and surface thought. In a fast-paced universe, these accomplishments might possibly be more of import, as is suggested by Digital Native upholders. Are the current scrutiny and learning methods tapping those accomplishments? To happen out, this survey is besides looking at the correlativity between the Digital Nativeness concept and the pupils ‘ Academic public presentations.Academic Performances ( Grade Point Average )There is a whole organic structure of literature that investigated the relationship of academic motive with academic public presentation. Different motivational attacks have been used by different writers: anticipation value theory ( e.g. Berndt and Miller, 1990 ) end theory ( e.g. Meece and Holt, 1993 ) self-efficacy theory ( e.g. Zimmerman et al. , 1992 ) , and self-government theory ( e.g. Grolnick et al. , 1991 ) . In general, such researches reveal that academic motive pos itively influences academic public presentations. In this survey both the Self finding theory ( for the Amotivation concept ) and the end theory ( for the achievement end orientation and work turning away concepts ) models are employed. Amotivation has been proved to be an first-class index of GPA ( Karsenti and Gilles, 1995 ) and to be related with negative results ( Deci and Ryan, 1985, Vallerand 1997 ) . Similarly, work avoidant pupil are likely non to prosecute with schoolroom work and impact negatively their accomplishment. Furthermore, larning disaffection has been proved to hold an reverse relation to academic accomplishment ( Johnson, 2005 ) . Within the achievement end orientation model, performance-approach ends, as antecedently stated, have been proved to foretell positively public presentation attainment. Harackiewicz et Al. ( 2002 ) supply a reappraisal of a series of research that systematically demonstrates that performance-approach ends are the lone accomplishment ends that are positively related to existent public presentation ( e.g. semester GPA, exam public presentation and concluding class ) . This means that alternatively of favoring content command, pedagogues could really promote pupils to follow performance-approach ends in order to actuate them to win. Sing the direct relationship between Digital Nativeness and GPA, Kvavik ( 2005 ) found no important relationship between computing machine accomplishments and GPA. Similarly, in the same survey no relationship between GPA and penchant for engineering in the schoolroom was found. Unsurprisingly, pupils with lowest GPAs were found to pass more clip playing computing machine games, whereas pupil with highest GPAs pass more clip utilizing the computing machine in support of schoolroom activities ( Kvavik, 2005 ) . However, the effects that the Digital Natives ‘ mentality and survey penchants have on GPA have ne'er been considered before. By including the go-between consequence of amotivation, work-avoidance, critical thought and performance-approach end orientation, this relationship is investigated, ensuing in the undermentioned theoretical theoretical account: Amotivation H1 H5 Work Avoidance H2, H4 4 Academic Performance Digital Nativeness H3 Performance Approach H6 Critical Thinking As the theoretical account shows, viing hypothesis H2 and H4 are a consequence of the on-going Digital Natives argument and the opposite positions spliting skeptics and partisans. Rather than accepting one hypothesis over another, this survey investigates whether engineering is traveling to hold a positive ( H4 ) or a negative impact ( H2 ) on Academic public presentation, as a consequence of the considered go-betweens ( Amotivation, Work Avoidance and Performance Approach Orientation ) .Selling deductionsAchievement end orientations have been proved to be related with occupation Motivation i? Prosecuting worker through Digital Technologies = Internal Marketing Orientation. Technology spontaneously delight clients Herzberg ‘s two-factor theory [ 21 ] , Maslow ‘s hierarchy of demands [ 32 ] , and McGregor ‘s theories [ 34 ] F. Herzberg, Work and the Nature of Man. World, Cleveland, OH, 1966. A.H. Maslow, Motivation and Personality. Harper & A ; Row, New York, 1970. D. McGregor, The Human Side of Enterprise. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 1960. The theoretical foundation includes besides the work of Vroom

Knowledge is an example of a public good. Analyse this statement, Essay

Knowledge is an example of a public good. Analyse this statement, drawing on further research to inform your argument - Essay Example These include non-rivalry and non-excludability. Suber (2009) describes that knowledge is non-rivalrous in the sense that its sharing among several people does not deplete its stock. This characteristic of knowledge is shared by other public goods such as air and sunshine. The second feature of knowledge is non-excludabilty. Once knowledge has been created, it is extremely difficult or impossible to limit people from accessing it as long as they have the resources and mental capacity to access it. At the same time, Suber (2009) also distinguishes between knowledge and its forms of expression. According to his argument, knowledge is a public good while its expression in the form of books and journal articles is not. Anderson (2006) argues that knowledge should be considered primarily as a â€Å"public good† while its position as a private asset should be secondary. This reflects the diverse opinions that regard knowledge as an economic asset as well as a social good. Anderson ( 2006) describes four different views of knowledge along a continuum of private and public good. He describes that in the United Kingdom, knowledge is first regarded as a private asset and then as a public good. He argues that the perception should be reversed and British society should view knowledge first as a public good and then as a private asset. ... Haskel (n.a.) discusses the importance of knowledge as a public good from a European perspective. He argues that in making knowledge a public good, states should not seek to act monopolistically themselves. While the state should check inefficiencies such as under-provision of knowledge, it should not seek to subsidize knowledge that is not being withheld by such barriers. At the same time, the state should avoid creating inefficiencies that might be created if it retains sole control over the dissemination of knowledge. Competition and the private sector should be given space to operate as long as inefficiencies are not created. Haskel (n.a.) also argues that public sector involvement in knowledge creation encourage the private sector rather than discouraging it. The tax credits awarded to companies investing in R&D can be allocated more efficiently if investment in areas such as design, marketing, and training are also considered. Stiglitz (1999) views knowledge not only as a publi c good, but as a global public good that should be accessible to all people who can benefit from it. Particularly, in the domain of science and technology, the knowledge is less likely to be geographically-dependent; hence, it has global applications and should be available globally. Stiglitz (1999) discusses some of the constraints that limit the global accessibility of knowledge. Recognizing corporate interests in protecting essential knowledge such as product formulations or technology design, Stiglitz (1999) proposes that the state can invest in research so that economic efficiencies can be achieved. Stiglitz (1999) criticizes the use of patents and other means of enabling firms to recoup their research and development costs. These act as taxes for the consumer and create economic

In Praise of Margins Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

In Praise of Margins - Essay Example The major weaknesses of this study are concentrated on the different examples of margins. As Ian Frazier notes, margins include both activities and places. Therefore, margins could include visiting a park, dancing studio, and visiting a friend’s place; and activities such as playing football or any sport, listening to music, watching movies, reading, dancing, and hiking, among others. Therefore, whether it is activities or places, margins are of value, as they provide individuals with an opportunity to be themselves and care less about the things in the outside world. It is therefore, important that an individual has margins, including activities and places, owing to the many positive outcomes that margins hold for an individual. A major example of margins in Frazier’s essay is the woods. As a child, Frazier and his friends spent most of their time in the woods. At this place, they together, had fun with each other and felt more comfortable. In the woods, Frazier and hi s friends would escape from the real world. They engaged in activities such as making forts and shooting frogs with slingshots. They also engaged in the activities of crushing ice and climbing trees. Here, they created their own little world where they did as they wished without fear of judgment. Frazier believes that the things that he and his friends did in the woods were marginal. However, these were important, as they served a purpose in his future. As an adult Frazier still visits the woods.

The Internship in Sitio So Jos Agronegcios Assignment

The Internship in Sitio So Jos Agronegcios - Assignment Example Throughout the internship, I engaged in various activities. The main activities included: Understanding the operations of the factory, identifying possible sources of risks and hazards, and examining how hazards are communicated and handled within the factory. In addition, based on the findings, I proposed several measures that can be used to address the safety issues identified in the factory. By undertaking this internship, I was able to accomplish several learning outcomes. First, this helped me understand how safety standards are applied in a real working environment. Secondly, I gained the necessary experience in working with different people from varying backgrounds. The internship gave me the work experience needed to succeed in the job market. The main challenge was that I found it difficult to communicate with some of the workers at the factory, mainly because most of them were too busy to give me an audience. The internship was undertaken in the above-named factory at the start of June 2014. This is mainly a coffee factory that also deals with the growth and processing of sugarcane. In addition, the factory also engages in the production of feedlot beef. As a result, it is a fairly busy factory in which different activities are performed. As a student in safety management, this factory provided me with the opportunity to study issues related to safety. This factory is purely owned and run by the family. My supervisor was Newton Junqueira Franco who introduced me to the company and briefed me about the activities. He is an experienced individual who has worked at the company for a long time. Being a safety management student, my activities at the factory during the internship period focused on the safety issues around the company. Throughout the internship, attention was given to the safety issues that relate to the various activities carried out at the factory.  Ã‚  

Creation and Evolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Creation and Evolution - Essay Example Evolution, though scientific theory, is a much stronger argument when measured against creationism when viewed from a scientific point of view. Evolution is not rooted merely in theory but in great part by scientific fact which is observable and shown consistently to be true. It is not merely an idea but a proven fact that this occurs and has occurred through gene mutations, DNA science and other examples such as the increased height of Europeans in the preceding centuries (Moran). Biological evolution refers to changes that are easily definable and provable in populations over time. DNA analysis shows that though we have much more in common with primates we still have over 200 of the same DNA as bacteria, a single celled organism, which is the premise that life began with evolution. Natural selection and species adaptation have been shown proven within our lifetimes through thousands of studies. Evolution can often also include the suggestion that all beings evolved from one original ancestor, which in itself is difficult to fathom as we are (Evolution) though entirely plausible. Genes carry the DNA code responsible for how a species is created and many studies, such as plant hybridization, show that it is very possible for genes to mutate, reshuffle, and produce genetic variations which are the premise behind evolution. Evolution theory through gene mutation is well documented within every species known to man. The scientific community likely finds it difficult to fathom that as intelligent as they are they are unable to create new life forms thus it would be unlikely that another being could do so while creationist lend more credence towards an ultimate being based on their desire for there to be an ultimate being greater than what we are able to know or comprehend. The argument between evolution and creationism lies in the ultimate beginning of life, which

John Q Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

John Q - Movie Review Example This is where the principle of 'beneficence' comes in, since it deals with the administering of medical help and care to those in need. It not only talks about the administering of medical care, but also of improving the quality of life in terms of health. However, this principle is compromised with, by the doctors portrayed in the movie. Thus, the principle of 'Beneficence' and the compromise made on it, by the authorities of medical care is the motive for the events that take place further ahead in the movie! In the movie, the doctors and medical officials convey that they would treat John Q's son only if he paid a certain amount. This might have been the just thing to do, since they charge the same amount from everyone and John Q is no exception. However, from the egalitarian and idealistic concept of justice, one must charge only according to one's requirement and one's ability in terms of payment. Therefor,e the very purpose of justice in the eyes of providing medical help and improving life is defeated in the movie.

Lincoln and civil rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Lincoln and civil rights - Essay Example Lincoln who essentially came from relatively humble beginnings after being born in a log cabin, married Nancy Hanks in the year 1806. However, when the Lincoln family moved to Indiana, Nancy Hanks Lincoln died of what was by then referred to as â€Å"milk sick†2 (McPherson, 2). Lincoln’s Early Interest in the Abolition of Slave Labor The poem â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† written by Langston Hughes, as he sat by the window looking at a passing train and thinking about the issue of slavery is thought to have primarily been responsible for invoking the common legend that, Abraham Lincoln as a young man actually witnessed a slave auction at the large slave market that was found in New Orleans. Being sold down the river at the large slave market in New Orleans was considered by many slaves to be one of the worst fates that could possibly befall them. It is thought that after witnessing the slave auction, Lincoln resolved to one day overthrow slavery3 (Leach, 12). The Link Between Slavery and Lincoln’s Childhood and Lifestyle In a similar fashion to the slaves of his time, Lincoln was only able to get a few months of formal schooling. However, due to his relatively insatiable voracity and appetite for learning, Lincoln was virtually able to teach himself whatever he wanted by using books. Lincoln first ran for the Illinois legislative position in the year 1832 but did manage to clinch the seat however, he successfully managed to be elected to the position for a total of four elections in a row ranging from the year 1834 to the year 1838. It was mainly during this time that Lincoln took to studying law in his own free time and finally managed to become a lawyer at the age of 27. Lincoln was finally able to win a seat in the country’s house of representatives in the year 1846, after he had successfully managed to serve his tenure, Lincoln got offered the chance to be governor in Oregon which was basically a newly formed state, he however declined the post and opted to return to Illinois and devote himself to his law practice after what he considered to be his retirement from politics. The Missouri Compromise, its Effect on Slavery and Its Prompting of Lincoln to Return to Politics The Missouri compromise was essentially passed back in the year 1820 in the United States Congress. The compromise was reached between the anti-slavery factions and the pro-slavery factions in the government. The compromise sought to reach an agreement as pertaining to the regulation of slavery mainly in the western territories of the country. In the agreement, all forms of slavery were essentially prohibited in the state of Louisiana with the exception of the regions within the boundaries of the newly proposed state of Missouri. The compromise proposed by this law was seen to considerably incense Lincoln who had been brought up by parents that belonged to a church that openly opposed the idea of slavery. Lincoln was personally se en to have relatively strong opinions in regards to the subject. In this regard, Lincoln was once quoted as claiming that every time he happened to hear someone openly arguing for the promotion of slavery in the country, he almost always felt an urge to have slavery tried on the individual in question personally4 (Guelzo, 182). During the next presidential elections, Lincoln joined the Republican party and travelled to the city of New York where he gave a speech that has come to be referred to as the â€Å"

Awarding, Negotiating and Administering Contracts Research Paper

Awarding, Negotiating and Administering Contracts - Research Paper Example The program could be simple or complicated even though it is supposed to specify what the performance outputs of the statement of work are supposed to be (Garrett, 2007, p. 3). At the same time, the program is supposed to define the technique used to carry out the analyses. This saves time and reserves since the COTR is not observing the ordinary, scheduled proportions of the contract, instead of the COTR is aiming of the leading outputs of the contract. The contract administration program is also supposed to contain a quality assurance (QA) monitoring plan as a subsection. This is necessary when executing the program since the advancement of such a contract plan offers a systematic outline and technique for the COTR to assess services and commodities that dealers are needed to furnish. The QA plan is supposed to aim at the value of the commodity supplied by the contractor and not on the steps taken or processes utilized in order to deliver that commodity. It comprises of suitable us age of pre-planned assessments and random spontaneous reviews (Garrett, 2007, p. 3). When a contract is allocated to administration under the watch of the government, the contract administration staff is supposed to perform contract administration roles according to the terms of the national law, and the contract expressions too. The appropriate protocols of the servicing agency should also be observed when implementing these contract roles lest else settled for in an interagency contract. Another step included when executing a contract administration program is negotiating cost changes and the implementation of auxiliary contracts beneath the cost accounting principle articles (Garrett, 2007, p. 3). Defining the appropriateness of the contractor’s accounting method makes his or her system’s adequacy in the course of the whole phase of contract performance become vital. The suitability of the accounting method of the contractor and the affiliated interior control coord ination, together with the contractor agreement with the cost accounting standards (CAS) have a huge impact on the value and legitimacy of the contractor information. As a result, the government is supposed to provide a feedback on its administration inaccuracy of the contractor and contract enactment (Murphy, 2009, p. 71). The implementation of a contract administration program also involves the analysis and assessment for practical suitability and the contractor’s logistics support, sustenance and modification agendas. The contractor ought to also report to the contracting workplace any insufficiencies noticed in details. The contractor ought to also perform industrial assessments of contractor price plans (Garrett, 2007, p. 3). The analysis and review of the contractor-suggested industrial and design researches and submit remarks and commendations to the contracting headquarters as needed. Any change plans made to the contract ought to be reviewed by the contractor for sui table categorization, and when needed, the need for practical appropriateness of design, productivity, and the effect of value, dependability, program and price. Correspondingly, the contractor is supposed to submit remarks to the contracting headquarters. The execution of the contract administration plan also involves helpful effort in assessing and creating commendations for reception on refutation of disclaimers and nonconformities (Garrett, 2007,

The Role of An Individual As It Comes From Toni Morrison Essay Example for Free

The Role of An Individual As It Comes From Toni Morrison Essay â€Å"If there’s a book you want to read, but it hasn’t been written yet, then you must write it. † (Morrison). In reading Toni Morrison’s short story â€Å"Recitatif,† there are several things that Morrison does for her readers that allow us to relate and make the story our own. Morrison is a prime example of how language and translation play a role in the reader’s experience and what the reader takes away from the story. In â€Å"Recitatif† Morrison also helps the reader understand how much the past affects one’s future. â€Å"The past is never dead, it’s not even past. † (William Faulkner, Requiem for a Nun). The way in which Toni Morrison begins â€Å"Recitatif† is crucial to understand the entire story. It is just as Faulkner has said in the aforementioned quote; the past is never dead. Twyla and Roberta have both been dramatically affected by their past and the stereotypes others have planted. Before Twyla and Roberta even got to talk more than a few words, Twyla had assumptions about Roberta, ideas constructed by her past. This is ever true for each of us. Based on the experiences and circumstances we previously endured, we mold our future. Our individuality is mainly based  on others in that because of what others inflict on us or walk with us through, we build our future. We are but the summation of our past. Thurmond 2 Both girls may have had already formed ideas about each other. However the reader cannot do the same. Morrison does not allow the reader to know which character is white and which is black. She does this to portray the difference between necessary characteristics and accidental characteristics. By not know which girl is which race, we cannot make automatic assumptions, this is known as accidental characteristics. Accidental characteristics are not  provided in a story but assumed, and dramatically affect perception. A necessary characteristic is purposely revealed in hopes that we as readers would mold our ideas of the story more closely with what the author intended. Virginia Woolf believed that the problem with 1920s authors was that they focused on the physical, not the mental, but Toni Morrison removes the physical so readers can more accurately assess the story. Morrison is very straight to the point. She says what she needs to say and does not say what she does not need to say. She is honest and blunt, and this helps readers to dig deeper than the text. Her language is very easy to understand, she eliminates any questions of confusion readers may have regarding the story. Also, by her putting the story into easy-to-understand language, it allows the reader to relate to her on a new level. Simple language and easy translation helps the audience take the story and make it their own, thus giving them a connection to the work. When a reader says a story â€Å"speaks† to them, perhaps this is what they mean. If a reader can easily understand the story, they can easily dig deeper and re-tell the story in a way that only they can. My version of â€Å"Recitatif† would be considerably different that  someone else’s because it means something different to me than to them. There are many things to be said about Toni Morrison and her story â€Å"Recitatif†. As it relates to language and translation, I do not think anyone would complain about her style. She has a way with words that allows the reader to, instead of evaluating the story, evaluate Thurmond 3 themselves through her story. Is this not what it is all about? As individuals, Morrison encourages us to be ourselves, because that is all we can be. We can shape our lives and tell our story in a way that no one else could; so be you, no one else can do that.

The Product Differentiation Strategy Marketing Essay

The Product Differentiation Strategy Marketing Essay Excellent Shoes Manufacturing Pte Ltd has the options of using different strategies in their business; using appropriate examples, describe your understanding of these different strategies and suggest what strategy you might recommend the Company to use. In present day the economic is flexibility and the company that be able to survive in this field should know how to manage their own resource in the maximum efficiency and need to follow the market change and movement, the way to do this depends on the different technique and operating diversely on strategic management of the company. Especially, in the consumer markets which there is a high level of competitive. It is the essential that every single company should open up its market in new area, expanding further with modest ambitions or operating in additional differentiation products in markets annually. These factors are main causes to bring successfully to business which I believe that it depends on how the company maintain competitive advantage in business strategies? , What types of strategies are available in the business environment? Another important aspect is that the company can use flexibility standard strategies or develop its own strategy or not? In term of Excellent Shoes Manufacturing Pte Ltd, with the size of medium business, I feel that the company can use different of business strategies, according to its situation. For example, at the beginning, when the company was established, it may face different challenges than at the present. Moreover, the business strategies that it is implemented may be different from its competitor. In my point of view, I believe that there are four types of business strategies by following these: 1. Growth Strategy A growth strategy conduces introducing new products or adding new features to existing products. Sometimes, the company may be forced to modify or increase its product line to keep up with competitors. By using the new technology of a competitive company is a core concept to play on growth strategy. For example, the company is likely constantly adding new features or discovering new technology for shoes healthy design in order to save customerà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s feet while they are wearing. As a result, shoes companies that do not keep up with consumer preference would not stay in business long period. Moreover, the firm may also adopt a growth strategy by finding a new target customer group for its products. Sometimes, it can find new one for its products by chance. For example, as a result of the company is a specialises in the manufacturing and supply of high fashion leather shoes and the manufacturer may discover through marketing research that young teenagers in school like its products. Hence, in addition to selling fashion leather for students in order to distribute to retail stores or shoes shop in school, the company could design the shoes product in format of school styles. 2. Product Differentiation Strategy Most of companies will often use a product differentiation strategy when they have a competitive advantage, such as superior quality or service. For example, the shoes manufacturers may set themselves apart from competitors with their superior engineering design or manufacturing technology. Obviously, companies use a product differentiation strategy to set themselves apart from key competitors. However, I believe that a product differentiation strategy can also help a company build brand loyalty. It can see that today, the company is known in the local industry and it is amongst the top companies who can produce a high quality pair of sports shoes and ladies fashion leather shoes. 3. Price à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Skimming Strategy A price-skimming strategy involves charging high prices for a product, particularly during the introductory phase. The company will use a price-skimming strategy to quickly recover its production and advertising costs. However, there must be something special about the product for consumers to pay the excessive price. An example would be the introduction of a new technology. By doing this, it may be the first to introduce a new type of new sport shoes aerodynamic design or leather formal shoes modern styles. Because the company is the only one selling the product, customers that really want in trend by wearing new one and willing to pay the higher price. 4. Acquisition Strategy According to the size of company with extra capital may use an acquisition strategy to gain a competitive advantage. An acquisition strategy conduces purchasing another company. For example, the company may purchase a polyester factory or a leather factory in order to expand its operations and to control cost of shoes raw material. 5. Cost Leadership The benefit of formulation this business strategy is that the company will consciously choose to position its company as a provider of products or services at the low end of the pricing point compared to its competitors. Moreover, it could make up in volume what they may forfeit in terms of a high price point. On the other hand, Cost leadership is a business strategy that allows a company to become the lowest cost production company in an industry. Traditionally, businesses have two key options for improving profits by increasing sales or decreasing costs. By doing this, the company need focus more on acquiring raw materials that are the highest quality at the lowest price. Another important aspect is that the company must also use the best labour to transform raw materials into valuable consumer goods. Low-cost leadership usually translates into high-quality goods at low consumer prices. The capability to undercut a competitorsà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ price often leads to increases in market share. In term of suggestion, what types of strategies should be formulated for Excellent Shoes Manufacturing Pte Ltd; I claim that the company could bring the result from the step of strategy analysis and to consider in these questions, what the external and internal environments that are confronting are? How the company can organizes and combines its resources in order to build its strengths, to eliminate its weaknesses and to sustain core competencies? How the company can achieve to find good opportunities for growing the business and to keep changing of posing a threat. From the consideration in those questions, I feel that I could recommend the company to use cost leadership strategy. As of the issue that Mr. Pattakorn is worried about the return of the investment in terms of profit is not as good as it was during his fatherà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s time. Conversely, the firm seems to have grown bigger with the manufacturing of many more pair of shoes. It is likely that the firm would have the problem from too high production cost. I believe that if the company can review and to control production cost, it will bring back the outstanding profitability. To sum up, sometimes, businesses would look for a combination strategy to please customers looking for multiple factors such as quality, style, convenience and price.

Global Privacy… Are You Being Watched?? Essay examples -- Surveillance

Global Privacy†¦ Are You Being Watched?? Introduction Privacy has grown to become an intensely complex and important human rights topic in the information age. The right to privacy underlines human dignity. One of the first privacy laws can be traced back hundreds of years, to 1361, when England enacted the Justice of the Peace Act, which allowed the arrest of eavesdroppers and peeping toms.1 About every country in the world explicitly recognizes a right of privacy in their constitution, allowing people to have a right to home communication secrecy and inviolability at the very least. Although the right to privacy is not explicitly documented in the United States’, Ireland’s or India’s Constitution, it is recognized in numerous provisions form their respective courts. The US airliner's "risk analysis" system A globally controversial topic concerns the tradeoff between privacy and security. At what point does enacting probing directives to strengthen our nation’s security impinge upon our own personal privacy? After the destruction of the twin towers on September 11th, the federal government and airliners have decided to implement a new computer system in order to gauge the level of terrorist risk posed by every single passenger on every flight in the United States. The new computer program, dubbed the â€Å"Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System II† (CAPPS II) shall assign passengers a color code based on their destination, city of departure, traveling partners and date of ticket purchase. Travelers who are coded â€Å"green† will pass through, â€Å"yellow† travelers will have to go through further screening, and red ones will be prohibited from boarding. Eight... ...screening.ap/ 8. Privacy as an Aspect of Human Dignity, [1964] 39 New York U. L.R. 9. Sara Kehaulani Goo. Fliers to Be Rated for Risk Level. September 9, 2003 http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A45434-2003Sep8?language=printer 10. Mark Glasser. China’s Internet Revolution. November 11, 2003 http://www.ojr.org/ojr/world_reports/1068766903.php 11. Privacy Watch – China and the US. December 2003 http://www.cotse.net/privacy/us_china.htm 12. Caslon Analytics. Caslon Analytics Privacy Guide. October 1, 2003 http://www.caslon.com.au/privacyguide6.htm 13. Stuart Millar. Europe votes to end data privacy. May 31, 2002 http://www.guardian.co.uk/internetnews/story/0,7369,725204,00.html 14. Detroit Free Press. Europe’s privacy laws cause rift with US. October 30, 1998 http://www.freep.com/tech/qdata30.htm

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

It is probably a mistake that I am standing here giving a speech for graduation. In fact it is probably a mistake that I am even graduating from this school at all -- believe me, just as most people in this class I have tested the limits of attendance, of sleeplessness, and of procrastination. At the beginning of my high schooling, I was even testing dropping out ... and if that wasn't a mistake, I don't know what was. After four years of Starr altering our minds, it seemed most fitting for me to spend my four minutes talking about mistakes. Thank goodness for them, by the way -- it is only when we truly screw up big time that we are ever stopped in our tracks -- stopped, briefly, to learn lessons of worth. Sometimes, the value of mistakes are seen on a smaller scale; having a semester final turned back with more red marks than a Freshman without Clearasil. Isn't it then when we step back for a moment and look at ourselves? When on our Biology test we couldn't tell a cell from an atom, or an atom from an Eve; when on the math test, we pray to a higher power for a sign, and he give...

Shakespeares As You Like It - The Romantic Love of Silvius and Phebe :: Shakespeare As You Like It Essays

As You Like It:   The Romantic Love of Silvius and Phebe    There are several types of love depicted in Shakespeare's As You Like It.   One variety of love portrayed in this comedy is romantic love, the romantic literary ideal which became popular in the Middle Ages. According to the courtly love tradition a lover worships his lady and serves her, suffers all sorts of indignities for her sake, and thinks only of her. He must be loyal to her for life, no matter how badly she treats him, or how much he suffers for unrequited love. A true lover never ceases to adore his lady, and when he speaks of her he only uses poetic language and style. These conventions of courtly love are clearly exemplified in As You Like It in the romantic attachment of Silvius and Phebe. When Rosalind, Celia and Touchstone arrive in the forest of Arden they meet Silvius and Corin, an old shepherd, who are engaged in a conversation about love. Corin is advising his friend on how to treat the woman he loves. However, Silvius doubts the old shepherd's authority in such matters, for although Corin admits having been drawn into acts of madness for the sake of love during his youth, he cannot recall any of them. Silvius clearly manifests that if Corin has forgotten even the most insignificant detail of the actions love made him run into, then he has never been truly in love. Even more, Silvius also explains that a true lover never ceases to adore his lady in speech, even if this moves his listener to discomfort, and further explains that sincere love may drive a lover to interrupt a conversation out of passion. To prove this last point, Silvius suddenly interrupts his speech passionately crying the name of Phebe, his beloved, several times. Silvius reflects the behavior of the courtly lover, who is capable of the most foolish actions for the sake of his beloved, and who suffers the pangs of unrequited love and the abrupt separation from his lady. His only concern is love and, although he is uneducated, his language is lofty, poetic, and artificial when he speaks in praise of Phebe. Indeed, both Phebe and Silvius speak in elaborate verse in order to comply with the courtly love conventions. In their courtship, Silvius praises her virtues and begs for the slightest sign of affection, and Phebe scorns and rejects him all along.

Hypnotism Research Paper

When most hear the word hypnotism, they think of a mysterious, suited figure waving a pocket watch back and forth in front of someone’s eyes. Most picture this ominous man guiding his subject into a semi-sleep, zombie-like state with absolute ease. Once hypnotized, the subject effortlessly moves and speaks and acts as if they are on an invisible leash guided by the hypnotist. We believe the subject is compelled to obey any command, no matter how strange or unreasonable, muttering, â€Å"Yes, master. † This popular representation is what is shown of hypnotism in movies and television, but in fact, it is so much different.People have been pondering and arguing over hypnosis for more than 200 years, but science has yet to fully explain how it actually happens. Hypnosis involves the subconscious mind taking over and can be used for shows and entertainment or psychiatric hypnotherapy. Present day hypnotist, Cody Horton has been referred to as â€Å"The World’s Most S pell-Binding Stage Hypnotist. † She is the author of several motivating, self-help books, and self-hypnotism audio books that can help you solve just about any problem you may have. On Hypnotism,† a book written by the famous hypnotist, James Braid in 1860, helps to explain the origin of hypnotherapy and correct many of the historical misconceptions that have developed regarding the actual meaning of hypnotism. Our understanding of hypnosis has enormously advanced in the past century, but the phenomenon is still considered a mystery. Figuring out how hypnotism works is just a small piece of a much larger puzzle, how the human mind works. Scientists are unlikely to arrive at a definitive explanation of the mind in the foreseeable future, so it is a good bet that hypnosis will remain very close to a mystery.Psychiatrists do understand the general characteristics of hypnosis, and they even have a model as to how to works. We can easily see what a person does when they are u nder hypnosis, but it is not clear as to why they do it or what makes them do it. Hypnotism is considered a trance state where the subject is easily suggested into doing things, relaxed, and has an extremely heightened imagination. It is often compared to daydreaming or â€Å"the feeling of losing yourself in a book or a movie. † (Harris, 2010) As you watch a movie you become engrossed in the plot, and most worries about your job, family, etc. ade away, until all you're thinking about is what's up on the screen.Though it is sometimes compared to sleeping, that is not valid because the subject is alert the entire time and fully conscious. You become focused intently on one object, thought, or action and nearly exclude every other thought or stimuli around you. Milton Erickson, the premier hypnotism expert of the 20th century, contended that people hypnotize themselves on a daily basis. He believed that in our everyday trance of a daydream or movie, an imaginary world becomes i ncredibly real to us, and can even create real fear or happiness. Hypnotherapy: an Exploratory Casebook, 8-11) Being in this sort of self-trance fully engages our emotions and can cause us to react to things differently then we normally would. In conventional hypnosis, the hypnotist causes their thoughts and suggestions to become the subject’s own ideas and emotions. In this â€Å"reality,† if the hypnotist suggests that your tongue has swollen up to twice its size, you'll feel a sensation in your mouth and you may have trouble talking. If the hypnotist suggests that you are afraid, you may feel nervous and even begin to sweat.When the hypnotist tells you do something, you'll probably embrace the idea completely because in this state the subject is highly suggestible. But the entire time, you are aware that it's all imaginary and that is why hypnotists cannot get their subjects to do anything they don’t want to do. In this mental state, people feel uninhibited a nd extremely relaxed, which causes them to tune out all worries and doubts that normally keep people in check. (Harris, 2010) Hypnosis directly involves a person’s subconscious mind.When you're awake, your conscious mind works to evaluate a lot of your thoughts, make decisions and put certain ideas into action. It also processes new information and relays it to the subconscious mind. The subconscious mind takes care of all the things you do automatically, like breathing. The subconscious mind processes the physical information your body receives and actually lets you solve problems, create conversation and put together plans and ideas. But when you're asleep, the conscious mind gets out of the way, and your subconscious has free reign.Psychiatrists theorize that the deep relaxation and focusing exercises of hypnotism work to calm and subdue the conscious mind so that it takes a less active role in your thinking process. In this state, you're still aware of what's going on, bu t your conscious mind takes a backseat to your subconscious mind. Effectively, this allows you and the hypnotist to work directly with the subconscious. It provides an especially convincing explanation for the playfulness and uninhibitedness of hypnotic subjects.The conscious mind is the main inhibitive component in your makeup — it's in charge of putting on the brakes — while the subconscious mind is the seat of imagination and impulse. When your subconscious mind is in control, you feel much freer and may be more creative. Your conscious mind doesn't have to filter through everything. (Harris, 2010) Hypnotized people do such bizarre things so willingly, this theory holds, because the conscious mind is not filtering and relaying the information they take in.Of course, your subconscious mind does have a conscience, a survival instinct and its own ideas, so there are a lot of things it won't agree to. The subconscious regulates your bodily sensations, such as taste, tou ch and sight, as well as your emotional feelings. When the access door is open, and the hypnotist can speak to your subconscious directly, he or she can trigger all these feelings, so you experience the taste of a chocolate milkshake, the satisfaction of contentment and any number of other feelings. Additionally, the subconscious is the storehouse for all your memories.While under hypnosis, subjects may be able to access past events that they have completely forgotten. Psychiatrists may use hypnotism to bring up these memories so that a related personal problem can finally be resolved. Since the subject's mind is in such a suggestible state, it is also possible to create false memories. For this reason, psychiatrists must be extremely careful when exploring a hypnotic subject's past. In numerous studies, researchers have compared the physical â€Å"body signs† of hypnotic subjects with those of unhypnotized people.In most of these studies, the researchers found no significant physical change associated with the trance state of hypnosis. The subject's heart rate and respiration may slow down, but this is due to the relaxation involved in the hypnotism process, not the hypnotic state itself. There does seem to be changed activity in the brain, however. The most notable data comes from electroencephalographs (EEGs), measurements of the electrical activity of the brain. Extensive EEG research has demonstrated that brains produce different brain waves, rhythms of electrical voltage, depending on their mental state.Deep sleep has a different rhythm than dreaming, for example, and full alertness has a different rhythm than relaxation. In some studies, EEGs from subjects under hypnosis showed a boost in the lower frequency waves associated with dreaming and sleep, and a drop in the higher frequency waves associated with full wakefulness. Brain-wave information is not a definitive indicator of how the mind is operating, but this pattern does fit the hypothesis t hat the conscious mind backs off during hypnosis and the subconscious mind takes a more active role. Researchers have also studied patterns in the brain's cerebral cortex that occur during hypnosis.In these studies, hypnotic subjects showed reduced activity in the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex, while activity in the right hemisphere often increased. Neurologists believe that the left hemisphere of the cortex is the logical control center of the brain; it operates on deduction, reasoning and convention. The right hemisphere, in contrast, controls imagination and creativity. A decrease in left-hemisphere activity fits with the hypothesis that hypnosis subdues the conscious mind's inhibitory influence. Conversely, an increase in right-brain activity supports the idea that the creative, impulsive subconscious mind takes the reigns.This is by no means conclusive evidence, but it does lend credence to the idea that hypnotism opens up the subconscious mind. Whether or not hypnosis is actually a physiological phenomenon, millions of people do practice hypnotism regularly, and millions of subjects report that it has worked on them. Hypnotists' methods vary, but they all depend on a few basic prerequisites. The subject must want to be hypnotized, they must believe he or she can be hypnotized, and the subject must eventually feel comfortable and relaxed.Depending on the person's mental state and personality, the entire hypnotism process can take anywhere from a few minutes to more than a half hour. Hypnotists and hypnotism proponents see the peculiar mental state as a powerful tool with a wide range of applications. In the hypnotism shows of Las Vegas, as well as the traveling hypnotism demonstrations on the college circuit, hypnotism is used primarily for entertainment purposes. It's an amazing experience watching somebody turn ordinary people, perhaps your friends or family, into outrageous performers.The power of suggestion and imagination, and the lowering o f inhibition, does make for a fantastic show. But these demonstrations only scratch the surface of what hypnotism can do — all the suggestions are intentionally frivolous, to ensure that nobody gets hurt. The hypnotist uses his or her access to the unconscious mind only to play with the subject. More involved hypnotism uses this access to affect long-term changes in the subject. The most widespread example of this hypnotic behavioral modification is habit-control hypnotic treatment.In this application, a hypnotist focuses on one particular habit that is embedded in your unconscious (smoking or overeating, for example). With the â€Å"control panel† to your mind open, the hypnotist may be able to reprogram your subconscious to reverse the behavior. Some hypnotists do this by connecting a negative response with the bad habit. For example, the hypnotist might suggest to your subconscious that smoking will cause nausea. If this association is programmed effectively, you wi ll feel sick every time you think about smoking a cigarette.Alternatively, the hypnotist may build up your willpower, suggesting to your subconscious that you don't need cigarettes, and you don't want them. Habit-control hypnotism is commonly practiced on a mass scale, in day-long seminars held in hotel suites, or through audio tapes or CDs. Since the treatment is not specifically tailored to each subject, and the treatment is rapid, these programs are often ineffective. Even if the treatment does yield positive results in the short term, there's a good chance that the subject will relapse eventually. A related application of hypnotism is psychiatric hypnotherapy.In a therapy session, a psychiatrist may hypnotize his or her subject in order to work with deep, entrenched personal problems. The therapy may take the form of breaking negative patterns of behavior, as with mass habit-control programs. This can be particularly effective in addressing phobias, unreasonable fears of particu lar objects or situations. Another form of psychiatric hypnotherapy involves bringing underlying psychiatric problems up to the conscious level. Accessing fears, memories and repressed emotions can help to clarify difficult issues and bring resolution to persistent problems.Hypnotists may also tap dormant memories to aid in law enforcement. In this practice, called forensic hypnotism, investigators access a subject's deep, repressed memories of a past crime to help identify a suspect or fill in details of the case. Since hypnotists may lead subjects to form false memories, this technique is still very controversial in the forensics world. Another controversial form of hypnotism is medical hypnotherapy. Doctors and spiritual leaders all over the world claim that hypnotic suggestion can ease pain and even cure illness in some patients.The underlying idea behind this is that the mind and body are inextricably intertwined. When you suggest to the subconscious that the body does not feel pain, or that the body is free of disease, the subconscious may actually bring about the change. There is a great deal of anecdotal evidence to support this idea. Using only hypnotic suggestion as an anesthetic, thousands of women have made it through childbirth with minimal pain and discomfort. Countless cancer patients swear by hypnosis, claiming that it helps to manage the pain of chemotherapy, and some former patients credit their recovery to hypnotherapy.The success of hypnotherapy is undeniable, but many doctors argue that the hypnotic trance is not actually responsible for the positive results. In the general sense, this phenomenon is known as the placebo effect. In numerous studies, people who were given ordinary sugar pills behaved and felt differently only because they thought they should. It's clear that the mind can influence all aspects of the physical body, so it makes sense that a firmly held belief can reduce pain or even help treat a disease. But in the end, this e xplanation of hypnosis amounts to pretty much the same thing as the trance theory.When you absolutely convince somebody that you've brought about a change in their subconscious, they register this information as a fact. Like any fact, this information will take root in the subconscious mind. So, even if the hypnotic state is nothing more than a figment of the subject's imagination, hypnotic suggestions can still reform their deeply held beliefs. The end result is the same! Modern hypnotist and self help guru, Cody Horton, received her certification in Clinical Hypnotherapy from the National Board of Hypnotherapy and Hypnotic Anesthesiology.With special training in entrepreneurship, meditation and the mind/body connection, she has helped tens of thousands of people achieve incredible inner-transformation — making the way for wealth, wisdom and success! Cody is known worldwide as one of the most powerful and captivating hypnotists in the world. Her shows have been described as an hilariously entertaining, and intellectually stimulating presentation that starts from the minute volunteers go up on stage. Not only does she put on a humorous and spell binding show, she has written numerous books and has many audio books out.Cody aims to change the public’s views of hypnotism because she knows that mostly everyone thinks that they will not be in control while going under. Cody has said, â€Å"Allow me to dispel a myth: the belief that while in a state of hypnosis, you are under the complete control of the hypnotist. The truth of the matter is that if any one suggestion feels uncomfortable for you, it will be immediately rejected by your subconscious mind. † She wants her subjects to feel comfortable and sincerely wants to help people. Her one-on-one hypnotherapy sessions can help with weight management to self confidence to quitting a bad habit and even phobias.Hypnotists such as Cody Horton have helped people all over the world with their proble ms and have entertained countless crowds during their unbelievable performances. (Prepare Yourself to Be Mystified, 2010)Works Cited Erickson, Milton H. , and Ernest Lawrence. Rossi. Foreword. Hypnotherapy: an Exploratory Casebook. New York: Irvington, 1992. 8-11. Print. Harris, Tom. â€Å"HowStuffWorks â€Å"How Hypnosis Works†Ã¢â‚¬  Howstuffworks â€Å"Science† Web. 01 Nov. 2010. ;lt;http://science. howstuffworks. com/science-vs-myth/extrasensory-percep

All About Writing Topics Essay

An essay is a short piece of writing on a topic and presents the author’s point of view on the matter. It is a pure non-fiction presentation of the writer’s outlook on the topic that is the focus of the essay.1 An essay should be structured in different sections that make it easy for the readers to read and follow the author’s thoughts clearly. It is composed of the introductory paragraph, supporting paragraphs and the summary paragraph. The introductory paragraph is the first paragraph of an essay. It brings the main idea of the essay. It captures the interest of the reader and notifies why the topic is important. Another important part of an essay is the main body or the supporting paragraphs. In these paragraphs, the main idea is discussed. The points are cited one by one to develop the main idea of the essay. Aside from the introductory and supporting paragraphs is the summary paragraph which comes at the end of the essay. In this paragraph, all the ideas in the supporting paragraph are explained through a conclusion. By reading this part alone, the reader should be able to understand the whole idea of the essay.2 Since an essay can describe, clarify, argue or analyze, it has different types.3The four major types of essays are narrative, descriptive, expository and persuasive essays. In a narrative essay, the writer tells a story about a real-life experience. When writing this type of essay, writers should try to involve the reader by making the story as vivid as possible. A well-crafted essay builds towards a conclusion or making a personal statement. The second major type on the other hand which is the descriptive essay, paints a picture with words. A writer might describe a person, place, object, or even memory of special significance. The descriptive essay strives to communicate a deeper meaning through the description. This uses colorful words and sensory details. The third type is the expository essay. This essay is an informative piece of writing that presents a balanced analysis of a topic. Moreover, in this type of essay, the writer explains or defines a topic, using facts, statistics, and examples. Lastly is the persuasive essay. While like an expository essay in its presentation of facts, the goal of the persuasive essay is to convince the reader to accept the writer’s point of view or recommendation. In this type of essay, the writer should present all sides of the argument, but must be able to communicate clearly and without equivocation why a certain position is correct.4 Despite having many types of essays with various compositions, they have one thing in common. All essays are collection of interesting ideas which are thoroughly organized to assure that readers are able to fully understand the main ideas of the essays. 1 â€Å"What is an essay,† . 2 â€Å"Parts of an Essay,† . 3 Grace Fleming, â€Å"What is an Essay,† . 4 â€Å"Types of Essays: End the Confusion,†.

Accounts 18

Question One(25 marks) Based on module 7 – Budgeting Retail outlets purchase snowboards from Slopes Ltd. , throughout the year. However, in anticipation of late summer and early autumn purchases, outlets ramp up inventories from January through May. Outlets are billed when boards are ordered. Invoices are payable within 60 days. From past experience, Slopes’ accountant projects 20% of invoices are paid in the month invoiced, 50% are paid in the following month, and 30% of invoices are paid two months after the month of invoice. The average selling price per snowboard is $450. To meet demand, Slopes increases production from December through March, because the snowboards are produced a month prior to their projected sale. Direct materials are purchased in the month of production and are paid for during the following month (terms are payment in full within 30 days of the invoice date). Direct manufacturing labour and manufacturing overhead are paid monthly. Variable manufacturing overhead is incurred at the rate of $7 per direct manufacturing labour-hour. Variable marketing costs are driven by the number of sales visits. However, there are no sales visits during the months studied. Slopes, also incurred fixed manufacturing overhead costs of $5,500 per month and fixed non-manufacturing overhead costs of $2,500 per month. Projected Sales: January80 unitsApril100 units February120 unitsMay60 units March200 unitsJune40 units Direct Materials and Direct Manufacturing Labour Utilisation and Cost Unit per BoardPrice per UnitUnit Wood5$30Board feet Fiberglass6 5Yard Direct manufacturing labour5 25Hour The beginning cash balance for March, 2010, is $10,000. On June 1, 2009 Slopes had a cash crunch and borrowed $30,000 on a 6% one-year note with interest payable monthly. The note is due June 1, 2010. Using the information provided, you will need to determine whether Slopes will be in a position to pay off this short-term debt on June 1, 2010. Required a. Prepare a cash budget for the months of March through May 2010. Show supporting schedules for the calculation of receivable and payables. b. Will Slopes be in a position to pay off the $30,000 one-year note that is due on June 1, 2010? If not, what actions would you recommend to Slopes’ management? c. Suppose Slopes is interested in maintaining a minimum cash balance of $10,000. Will the company be able to maintain such a balance during all three months analysed? If not, suggest a suitable cash management strategy. Marking Criteria: Application of budgeting to question 1a 18 marks Application of budgeting to question 1b 3 marks Application of budgeting to question 1c 4 marks Question Two(25 marks) Based on module 8 – CVP Analysis Grace Inc manufactures and sells baby cots. For its 2011 budget, Grace Inc. estimated the following: Selling price $600 Net income after tax $650 000 Variable cost per cot $300 Income tax rate 30% Annual fixed costs $150 000 Unfortunately sales were not meeting expectations. Only 525 units had been sold in the first four months of the year at the established price and cost structure. The net income projection for 2011 would not be reached unless some action is taken. A management committee presented the following mutually exclusive alternatives to the CEO. (a) Reduce the selling price by $60. The sales organization forecasts that at this significantly reduced price, 4050 units can be sold during the remainder of the year. Total fixed costs and variable cost per unit will stay as budgeted. b) Lower variable cost per unit by $15 through the use of less expensive direct materials and slightly modified manufacturing techniques. The selling price will also be reduced by $45, and sales of 3300 units are expected for the remainder of the year. (c) Reduce fixed costs by $15 000 and lower the selling price by 5%. Variable cost per unit will be unchanged. Sales of 3000 units are expected for the remainder of the year. Required: (a) Determine the number of units that Grace Inc must sell (a) to break even and (b) to achieve its income objective using the current price and cost structure. b) Determine which alternative Grace Inc should select to maximise net income. Show your calculations. – Marking Criteria: Application of CVP to question 2a 9 marks Application and interpretation of CVP to question 2b 16 mar ks Question Three Based on module 8 – Costing in an entity(25 marks) Alex’s Fine Art Studio is a company offering art services. The owner Alex Touch has been contacted by the manager of Ruthven Cars Company who complained about the price charged for some art work. On the same day Alex was also contacted by the manager of Books Galore who was delighted with the work and the price charged. Alex uses a cost-based approach to pricing (billing) each job. Currently it uses a single direct-cost category (professional labour hours) and a single indirect-cost pool (general support). Indirect costs are allocated to jobs on the basis of professional labour-hours per job. Professional labour costs at Alex’s Fine Art Studio are $70 an hour. Indirect costs are allocated to jobs at $105 an hour. Total indirect costs in the most recent period were $21 000. The job files show the following: Professional Labour Ruthven Cars Company 104 hours Books Galore 96 hours Assume these two jobs were the only jobs completed in this period. ) – Required: (a) Compute the costs of the Ruthven Cars Company and Books Galore jobs using Alex’s existing job-costing system. (b) Alex asks his assistant to collect details on those costs in the $21 000 indirect cost pool that can be traced to each individual job. After analysis, Alex is able to reclassify $14 000 of the $21 000 as direc t costs: Other Direct Costs Ruthven Cars Company Books Galore Research support labour $1600 $3400 Computer time 500 1300 Travel and allowances 600 4400 Telephone/faxes 200 1000 Photocopying 250 750 Total $3150 $10 850 Recalculate for Alex the costs of each job using the six direct-cost pools and a single indirect cost pool. The single indirect cost pool would have $7000 of costs and would be allocated to each job using the professional-labour hours base. (c) Alex’s Fine Art Studio has two classifications of professional staff: artists and apprentices. Alex asks her assistant to examine the relative use of artists and apprentices on the recent Ruthven Cars Company and Books Galore jobs. The Ruthven Car Company job used 24 artist-hours and 80 apprentice-hours. The Books Galore job used 56 artist-hours and 40 apprentice-hours. Alex is curious as to how each job would have been costed if using separate direct cost rates for artists and apprentices and using separate indirect cost pools for artists and apprentices. For direct costs, the cost per artist hour is $100 and per apprentice hour is $50. For indirect costs, from the total indirect cost pool of $7000, $4600 is attributable to the activities of artists, and $2400 is attributable to the activities of apprentices. You are required to satisfy Alex’s curiosity by computing the costs for each job under this more refined costing system. (d) Complete a comparison of costing under the existing system and that of the more refined system. Which is better and why? Marking Criteria: Application of cost allocation principles to question 3a 6 marks Application of cost allocation principles to question 3b 8 marks Application of cost allocation principles to question 3c 8 marks Application of cost allocation principles to question 3d 3 marks Question Four(25 marks) Based on module 10 – Performance management Part A â€Å"Managers should be rewarded only on the basis of their performance measures, They should be paid no salary. † Do you agree? Explain. Part B Bob's Cellular Phone Company uses ROI to measure divisional performance. Annual ROI calculations for each division have traditionally employed the ending amount of invested capital along with annual operating income and net revenue. The Dupont method is generally used. The company's Phone Accessories Division had the following results for the last two years: 2010 ROI = ($2,000,000/$20,000,000) ? ($20,000,000/$10,000,000) = 0. 0 2011 ROI = ($2,400,000/$25,000,000) ? ($25,000,000/$15,000,000) = 0. 16 Corporate management was disappointed in the performance of the division for 2011, since it had made an additional investment in the division that was budgeted for a 23% ROI. Required: a. Discuss some factors that may have contributed to the decrease in ROI for 2011. b. Would there have been any substantial difference if average cap ital had been used? Marking Criteria: Discussion and explanation regarding the extent of use of performance measures. 10 marks Discussion of performance as required in Part B a. 10 marks Explanation required in Part B b. 5 marks General Requirements: 1. Given the nature of the questions there is not specified work limit. However, you are encourage to present your work in a clear and concise manner. You should ensure that you answer the question fully while giving enough information to ensure that the marker can ascertain your objective in your calculations to enable part marks to be given if necessary. 2. Place references for all questions at the end of the assignment not at the end of each question. 3. You can use dot points or tables to help present your answer if you wish. . Assignment extensions will be granted if needed due to medical, work or personal reasons. However, extensions will not be granted for more than one week. This is because I cannot post back marked assignments and solutions until all assignments have been received. It is unfair on other students to delay the return of their marked assignments unduly. 5. You should note that the assignment is bas ed on modules 7-10. I would recommend completing the relevant question each week as it relates to each module. This approach would mean that the assignment would be completed by the due date. Therefore reasons for needing an extension should be extreme. (Sources withheld: Questions for this assignment are taken from other sources. Details of this source have been withheld for assessment purposes. This material is reproduced under the provisions of the Section 200 (1) (b) of the Copyright Amendment Act 1980. ) ACC5502 Accounting for Managers Assignment Two Description | Marks out of | Wtg(%)| Due date | Based on modules 7–10| 100| 20%| 2012| 1. Question| Criteria| MarksAvailable| Question One| Application and understanding of module 7 | 25 marks| | Application of budgeting to 1a) 19 marks1b) 3 marks1c) 3 marks| | | | | Question Two | Application and understanding of module 9| 25 marks| | Application of CVP principles to a practical situation. 2a) 10 marks2b) 15 marks| | | | | Question Three| Application and understanding of module 10| | | Use of costing principles3a) 6 marks3b) 8 marks3c) 8 marks3d) 3 marks| 25 marks| | | | Question Four| Application and understanding of module 11| | | Discussion and application of performance measurementPart A 10 marksPart B a) 10 marksPart B b) 5 marks| 25 marks| Total| | 100 marks| | |