Development through life stages Essay

Discuss the character-raising debate in relation to the ontogenesis of the individual (M1) & appreciate how nature and grow whitethorn affect the natural, quick, activated and amicable rebelment of two compass points of the maturation of the individual (D1). Nature throne be slackly defined as hereditary inheritance or the contagious constitution (the information encoded in your genes) which a someone inherits from both(prenominal) pargonnts at the term of conception and carries finishedout life. Several amours in an individual genetically inherits let in ranging from g intercepter, eye colour, risk of expo authorizedlys for certain diseases and exceptional talents to height. The concept of nature thus refers to biologically transmitted tendencies and abilities that heap create and which whitethorn get revealed later on as they grow up. protect can be defined as the assorted environmental factors to which a soulfulness is subjected from birth to d preyh. There atomic number 18 many environmental factors. They include both physical environments and hearty environments. some(a) theorists believe that people behave as they do according to genetic predispositions or til now because of animal instincts. This is cognize as the nature possibility of humans demeanor. Other theorists believe that people think and behave in certain ways because they are taught to do so.This is known as the nurture theory of human behaviour. (www.yourenglishlessons.wordpress.com) Nature refers to the inherited (genetic) characteristics and tendencies that square off phylogeny. Some inherited characteristics appear in virtually e trulyone. All tiddlerren have a typeset of universal human genes that, when coupled with a reasonable environment, permit them to develop as reasonably capable members of the human species. Inherited characteristics and tendencies are non always evident at birth. Many physical features emerge stepwise through the process of maturation, the genetically guided changes that occur over the words of breeding. Environmental support, and antiphonal care from some others, is necessary for maturation to take place. Childrens dates in the environment affect all aspects of their beingness, for example the health of their bodies or the curiosity of their minds. Nurture affects childrens ontogenesis in many ways.With near environmental support, children thrive. Unfortunately, the conditions of nurture are not always nurturing. For example, children who grow up in an abusive family must look outside the family for shelter, affectionate care. It is known that your genetics determine what you give look like and even your height. even your heightand looks can be changed if a person doesnt eat properly or are in an accident. People can construct anorexic, obese, anaemic etc. And all of these can affect how a person looks and their height. If a child is malnourished then this can cause their harvest-home to deteriorate and they may develop problems like rickets. By looking at adoption studies it is shown that identical meets share similar intelligence whether they are brought up together or not. With this data we can extend to an line of descent that genetics has a smashinger do work in the intelligence of identical twins as well as the environment. Your IQ which is determined by your genes can as well be touch by the environment approximately an individual. If a person has not got as good naturalize opportunities as another person with the same determined IQ, if they perhaps cannot go to a good as school as them or if their teachers are not as good as the other then theyre IQ will not be as developed as the other person which means that nurture similarly plays a part in a persons IQ. (www.boundless.com)However in recent age thither has been a growing realization that the question of how much behaviour is due to heredity and how much to environment may itself be the hurt question. Take intelligence as an example. Like al virtually all types of human behaviour it is a complex, many-sided phenomenon which reveals itself (or not) in a great variety of ways. The how much question assumes that the variables can all be uttered numerically and that the issue can be resolved in a quantitative manner. The reality is that nature and culture interact in a host of qualitatively different ways. (McLeod 2007) Nature vs. nurture could refer to in truth intelligent people. One reason given for their being so keen at learning and acquiring information might be that its in their genes. They have really intelligent parents a high IQ i.e. their genetic makeup has enabled them to be intelligent. And likewise, you might argue the opposite for genuinely(prenominal) unintelligent people. (Nature) Whereas some people might argue that its how that person is raised. The childs parents gave him all kinds of means to learn with, or further his education from an early age, etc.The less intelligent childs parents, on the other hand, kicked him outside all day, kept him from school, called him stupid, etc. (Nurture) In my opinion, both nature and nurture have an effect on the training of an individual. Having read both sides, I personally believe that indeed nature does have a remarkable rival on the holistic maturement of theindividual. In my opinion, our personalities are related to our genetics. I have a very similar spirit to my father, which supports my view. My sister on the other hand, has a temperament which is very similar to my mums. Also, I believe that our intelligence is genetically driven. Some people are naturally to a greater extent intelligent than others and this cannot be disputed. Of course, nurture with regards to intelligence and personality is also great. If a child experiences a lack of support with their education, they may not perform to the best of their ability. With that being said however, the level of support that th e child receives does not actually fudge their natural ability. Also, an individual may hold out a negative experience in their upbringing.This may aftermath in their development being alter or different. Peer pressure also exists and in that respectfore we must think all of these extra factors regarding the development of individuals. Researchers have uncovered convincing associate between parenting styles and the effects these styles have on children. During the early 1960s, psychologist Diana Baumrind conducted a ingest on more than 100 preschool-age children (Baumrid, D. (1967) child-care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behaviour. Genetic psychology monographs, 75, 43-88). apply naturalistic observation, parental interviews and other research methods, she identified four important dimensions of parenting disciplinary strategies, warmth and nurturance, communication styles and expectations of maturity and control. Based on these dimensions, Baumrind sugges ted that the majority of parents display one of three different parenting styles. Further research by Maccoby also suggested the addition of a fourth parenting style (Maccoby, E.E. (1992). The role of parents in the socialization of children An historical overview. Developmental psychology, 28, 1006-1017) The four parenting styles areAuthoritarian parenting in this style of parenting, children are expected to fol pocket-sized the strict rules established by the parents. Failure to follow such rules usually resolvings in punishment. Authoritarian parents wear out to explain the reasoning behind these rules. If asked to explain, the parent might simply reply, because I said so. These parents have high demands, but are not responsive to their children. Authoritarian parenting styles looselylead to children who are obedient and proficient, but they pasture lower happiness, social competence and self-esteem. Authoritative parenting like authoritarian parents, those with an autocrati c parenting style establish rules and guidelines that their children are expected to follow. However, this parenting style is much more democratic. Authoritative parents are responsive to their children and willing to listen to questions. When children fail to look the expectations, the parents are more nurturing and forgiving rather than punishing. Authoritative parenting styles tend to result in children who are happy, capable and successful (Maccoby, 1992.)permissive parenting bailable parents, some eras referred to as indulgent parents, have very few demands to make of their children. These parents seldom discipline their children because they have relatively low expectations of maturity and self-control. According to Baumrind, permissive parents are more responsive than they are demanding. They are non-traditional and lenient, do not require mature behaviour, allow controlable self-regulation, and avoid confrontation (1991). Permissive parents are generally nurturing and com municative with their children, often taking on the view of a friend more than that of a parent. Permissive parenting often results in children who rank low in happiness and self-regulation. These children are more belike to experience problems with authority and tend to perform poorly in school. separated parenting An uninvolved parenting style is characterized by few demands, low responsiveness and scant(p) communication.While these parents fulfil the childs basic needs, they are generally detached from their childs life. In extreme cases, these parents may even reject or neglect the needs of their children. Uninvolved parenting styles rank last(a) across all life domains. These children tend to lack self-control, have low self-esteem and are less competent than their peers. It is extremely important for a parent to demonstrate good parenting skills. How parents interact with their child affects their development in a significant way. How a child is brought up could affect th e childs social skills, they could turn out to be in any case shy, suffer anxiety, get nervous around people or even bring to pass mute depending on their situations at home. If a child is bought up in a home with violence, they could grow up thinking that it is the normal thing to do. Similarly, if a child is brought up in a very stable and loving household, this couldenable them to be happier and enjoy life more and this could also help bring out their personality and feelings. I believe that this suggests that a persons personality does take an effect on how they address with their environmental surroundings and the person that they will grow to become. Nurture can significantly regard an adults emotional and social development.If someone was treated badly as a child, this may reflect on their personality and behaviour as an adult. The individual may be pull away and depressed. This could be caused by the negative experiences they had in their childhood. Also, if an adult i s obese it may be as a result of nurture. If a child is brought up being allowed to eat nothing but junk food, they will consider this type of eating as normal. As a result of this, nurture has a significant wedge on the physical development of a child and indeed an adult, with regards to obesity. We could argue however, that obesity is genetic and that is where nature is to blame. In a study that included more than 5,000 identical and non-identical twin pairs, researchers found heredity to be a much bigger soothsayer of childhood obesity than lifestyle. They concluded that three-quarters of a childs risk for becoming overweight is due to genetic influences, while just to a lower place a quarter of risk can be attributed to environment.Either way, both nature and nurture can have an impact on the physical development of an individual. (www.webmd.co.uk) I believe that if a child has grown up in a rough area then it will be more likely that they might get into trouble with the poli ce, in school etc. This may be because they have seen older children or maybe even adults do something they shouldnt and this influences them to do the same. Drink and drugs may influence antisocial behaviour. If antisocial behaviour is seen as normal you may end up repeating the cycle. However, it is the parents responsibility to make sure that their child is safe. Therefore, I believe that environmental factors can change how a child behaves depending for example on where they live and what kind of people they are exposed to. I personally do not believe there is a correct answer to this debate. There is no way to express how much influence each has in forming who we are, so we have to verify on logic and research that has been conducted regarding the issue.But each side has different interpretations of what evidence is available. I do believe however, that both nature and nurture play a significant part in our personal development but I believethat they are equally as important , there is no better theory. I believe that you are born with certain genetic traits and predispositions which influence how you react to your environment. Your environment shapes the person you are because it presents you with choices, challenges, and opportunities. Your genetic traits provide you with strengths and weaknesses. It is how you utilize those strengths to overcome the challenges, and take advantage of the opportunities, and of course the choices that you make that ultimately make you who you are. How does nature/nurture affect the development of Miya at 5 years old? Nature has a significant impact on the physical, intellectual, emotional and social development of Miya. During this stage of childhood, Miya will be vent through a period of growth. Miyas physical development will be determined by her genes and this cannot be controlled.Growth is pre-determined by nature and therefore, it cannot be changed or stopped. Nurture also has a significant impact on Miyas holisti c development during this stage of her life. Parenting has a huge impact on her intellectual, emotional and social development. If Miya is fed a lot of junk food by her parents, then nurture would be responsible for her becoming overweight. Unless Miya is genetically programmed to become overweight, this would be at the break of her parents for allowing her to eat too many unhealthy foods, and not providing her with a fit diet. Also, nurture will impact significantly on Miyas intellectual development. If she is encouraged to complete her homework e.g. by doing reading or wide-eyed maths with her parents, Miya will benefit intellectually. Also, if Miyas parents did not take the time to do these activities with Miya her intellectual development may negatively be affected by nurture. In terms of emotional and social development, nurture is significantly important at this stage of Miyas life.If Miya is shown love, she will feel emotionally secure and accepted by her parents. Miya wil l be able to put her parents and will expect affection and love from others if she is used to getting that at home. On the other hand however, if Miya experiences abuse from her parents, this can have annihilating consequences on her emotional and social development both at this stage in her life and in the future. If Miya experiences abuse, she may have problems trusting people and this could continue on to her adulthood. How does nature/nurture affect the development of Miya at 14 years old? Nature/ Nurture have asignificant impact on Miyas physical, intellectual, emotional and social development during this stage of the lifespan. In terms of her physical development, Miya will be going through puberty during this stage of her life. Puberty is controlled by nature. Puberty is genetically programmed, Miya cannot change that puberty will happen as it is determined by nature the individual cannot change that it will eventually occur. Nature also affects Miyas intellectual developme nt. Miya will have a specific IQ which will determine her natural intelligence. Of course, through nurture, Miya can make the near of her IQ e.g. by encouragement to study, parents providing resources etc. but, her IQ cannot actually be changed as it is determined by nature.Miyas IQ will be developed by nature, but it will be supported through the nurture she receives in her life. For example, by her parents and teachers supporting her to achieve her best thinkable outcomes in school. Nurture will have a major impact on the emotional and social development of Miya. During this time, peer pressure and the influence of her friends will be huge. As a result of peer pressure, Miya may engage in activities that she otherwise may not have considered (drinking, drugs etc.) With regards to her development, this may have a negative impact as Miya will most likely not be truly happy with the decisions she makes. The internet and social media will also have a significant impact on the develo pment of Miya both socially and emotionally. Facebook will be a very important part of Miyas life as she will loss to keep in contact with friends by using this social networking site. If Miya uses Facebook correctly, it could be a positive experience.However, sometimes Facebook can result in boss around which could negatively impact on her social and emotional development at this point in her life. Nurture can also have an impact on the type of friends Miya may have. If Miyas parents are strict, they may pack who she is allowed to/ not allowed to be friends with. This will affect Miyas emotional and social development. If Miya is not allowed to interact with certain people, she may become upset with the decisions her parents have made for her.Miya may rebel against her parents if she feels she hasnt got enough freedom. If her parents are too strict, she may withdraw from public lecture to them as she might feel they will judge her. As a result of this, Miya may not converse c oncerns/worries she has and this could have a very negative impact on her emotional development. On the other handhowever, if Miyas parents set reasonable boundaries the relationship may be better. Miya may feel more comfortable talking to her parents if they are not too strict. Also, Miya may be happier socially too. If she is allowed to socialise with who she wants, she will not feel the need to rebel against the restrictions that her parents create.ReferencesMcLeod, S. A. (2007). Nature Nurture in Psychology. 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